Indian agriculture an economist ‘s view

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Dr Abhijit Sen, Member-Planning Commission of India, interviewed by Ajay Vir Jakhar and Paranjoy Guha Thakurta

Dr Abhijit Sen is Member, Planning Commission of India. He is a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Cambridge (currently on leave as Professor of Economics at the Jawaharlal Nehru University) and has also taught at the Universities of Sussex, Oxford and Cambridge. Besides serving various think tanks in the states and at the centre, Dr Sen has been a consultant with UNDP, ILO, FAO and various other multilateral organisations. In a candid interview, he speaks on a range of issues affecting agriculture, farmers and ordinary people. Talking to him about such issues as subsidies, small land holdings and the overall efficiency of Indian agriculture are Farmers’ Forum Editor, Ajay Vir Jakhar (AJ) and Paranjoy Guha Thakurta (PGT). Abhijit Sen, Member, Planning Commission, talks to Farmers’ Forum

PGT: To begin with a basic question: what are the most important problems that farmers in India are facing; looking at agriculture as a whole?

Prof. Abhijit Sen (AS): The main problems with agriculture – not necessarily the main problems with farmers – are the quality of the land; the quality and quantity of water available and the signs that new technologies are not delivering as much as was expected. There are clear signs, as stated in 11th Plan document, of a technological fatigue…

PGT: Technological fatigue?

AS: This reflects in the margins that one is getting in terms of increased potential yields or increased savings in costs. These are simply not commensurate with either the investments being made or with achievements in the past. This is the real problem of Indian agriculture. Nature is limited; we have overused it in the past; the only way out, when one has a natural constraint, is by improving the efficiency with which natural resources are used. That is a matter of technology. The problem is that even on technology, we are not doing that well. I think this is the broad question facing Indian agriculture.

PGT: If you look at farmers…

AS: There are a whole set of other issues that come along. Farmers are interested, first and foremost, in their own incomes from agriculture. Here, there come the issue of the functioning of markets; the prices they get, compared to the prices that consumers pay; the extent to which they can themselves access both technology and inputs that, to some extent, is a function of markets. It is, however, also is a function of government programmes. When it comes to the farmer, there are a whole set of extra issues. What needs to be highlighted though is the divide between what the better-connected farmer gets and what the poorly connected farmer gets, both in terms of access to inputs as well as in prices.

PGT: One of major concerns is about the after effects of the Green Revolution but – even before discussing them – why is it that in most of parts of India there has been no significant enhancement of agricultural productivity? We are primarily looking at cereal production, wheat in particular.

AS: When you talk about wheat in particular, it has a limitation and we need to relook at the entire genome and characteristic. Wheat is essentially a winter crop; it likes the cold climate and, in India, is actually suitable only for the northern Indian areas. You can, of course, grow wheat anywhere you like but it is very unlikely to be a crop that is sufficiently profitable compared to other crops for farmers to take it up. So wheat, by its very nature, is a cold-weather crop. The real concern is that in a context of temperatures going up – and given the whole discussion on climate change, it is likely to become even hotter – there is a problem with wheat. There are still areas where wheat can be grown; the entire northern U.P. where yield are low, large parts of northern Bihar and certain areas in Madhya Pradesh, where wheat is grown but again with low yields at present though the quality, often, is much better. Wheat is a very special crop and the important question is why productivity has not generally increased much more, as was expected.

PGT: It is even lower than in our neighbouring countries.

AS: Yes; lower than what lot of people are getting. This is a valid, genuine, definite question. What one needs to point out is that Indian productivity varies massively across the country for the same crop. There is good productivity for some crops in certain regions but, may be, in very small areas. Wheat productivity in Punjab is comparable to best in the world. Productivity of certain other crops too is comparable to the best in the world but the average yield is low; well below what is possible. There is sufficient evidence available by simply comparing what the best farmers in a region get in terms of yield, which is much higher than what other farmers in the same region get. What the best farmers get is also less than what scientists get in the labs. So these yields gaps are large and the hope about production growth in the future largely comes because these gaps exits. Without these yield gaps, we would have to rely entirely on technology. This gap creates the potential to increase yields even if technology is not improving that much. Output could increase and come closer to the best farmer practice; to the best lab practice. That is why there is hope that India will still get such growth.

It would, however, be futile to say that just because a yield gap exists, it can be removed without much cost. Had it been that easy, the gap would not exist. Obviously, there are farmers who either have conditions that are not as good as the conditions the best farmers have; or the cost that the best farmer is incurring is too high for the other farmers to incur; or that there are access problems. The best farmer is getting much better seeds and the entire agriculture extension system sometimes only goes to the richest three or four rather than to everybody else. So while everybody is trying to do the same thing, not everyone has access to whatever is necessary. That is the reality. Also, some of the yield comparison, with yields abroad for example, are a bit spurious because India has a larger number of crops than most other places. Besides, there are things like irrigation, which make a huge difference between farmers even within India and there are various types of usage of water and land resources, which vary greatly across farms.

PGT: Put simply, 60 per cent of the cropped area is still dependent on rain.

AS: It is very unlikely that we will ever be able to give irrigation to 100 per cent of the land.

AJ: Do you think agricultural productivity is going to suffer because of fragmentation of land holdings and because small and marginal farmers are facing problems of economic sustainability? Will it increase with increased fragmentation?

AS: This is an age-old question and is asked again and again. Clearly, there are economies of scale in agriculture, at least beyond a point, like in any other activity. However, the evidence – old, combined with some new evidence as well–suggests something like this: If the yield of any particular crop (wheat or rice) in say Punjab or U.P. is taken and farmers are ranked by their farm size, one may find that, if anything, the larger farmer has a slightly higher yield. It may be insignificant but there is some positive relationship. However, the moment you take the total farm area and the total farm output and divide the total farm output by the total farm area the net sown area of the farm, the tendency is for the small farmers to get a higher value of output per acre of land.

PGT: That is an inverse relationship between land holding and productivity.

AS: That is an inverse relationship between land holding and the total output; between the yield of a particular crop and of total output, where the tendency is exactly the opposite; one is going up the other is coming down. The question is: how many times do you use the land? What is the cropping intensity? Also, which crops are you growing; what is the cropping pattern? Essentially, what tends to happen is that the smaller farm sacrifices something on the yield side, partly because he has to mix things and tries to make more intensive use of the land by growing as many crops that he can. He also tries to have a greater distribution of crops; add to it some livestock or whatever. When it comes to productivity and effects of fragmentation, at one level, this will have a negative effect but, at another, it is like a farmer becoming a gardener. A gardener will, usually, get much more out of the land simply because he is putting in much more effort into a small patch of land than any farmer would. The difference between these two is that the farmer expects to get a sizeable income from a given amount of land. A gardener is either being paid by somebody else to do this and has no other option. So he actually has to put in a lot of labour.

AJ: What you are saying is that productivity could increase with smaller holding also because of farmers working more hard on their land?

PGT: Also because of greater cropping intensity and variety.

AS: Yes but over time, if the farmer has greater options – he can go out and do something else – the advantage of the small farm is likely to disappear. The advantage exists because the farmer has to get some income from this small plot, he does not have a choice. Therefore, the economy-of-scale argument still applies but it can be misused. It can easily become an argument saying that these folks can do nothing so give everything to a big organisation; let them grow in an American style and we will get higher output. Nonetheless, it is true that Indian agriculture is now in a situation, given the average farm size, that one must look at ways to improve things wherever possible – and this need not be with actual farming activity – with all sorts of associated activities. There has to be some way in which group efforts must start.

PGT: Including co-operative efforts…

AS: Yes or any other type of group effort. It could, in fact, be with certain things that farmers themselves do not do as is already happening. In India there is a huge increase in the amount of custom services: people are actually selling a service; the farmers themselves are not doing them individually but are buying it from one seller.

PGT: Including somebody who is providing the services of a tractor or somebody who is providing a combined harvester or whatever…

AS: That is on the private side. On the co-operative side, there are the self-help groups. In Andhra Pradesh that has many self help groups – not the traditional co-operatives – the SHGs have become a part of a lot of combined activities like pest control measures and things of that kind. There is a potential for the actually producer companies to come up or old-fashioned co-operatives to come up to provide the economies-of-scale in the post-harvesting side. It is absolutely essential that the Indian government thinks in terms of how to aggregate small farmers so that collectively they can get the economies of scale.

AJ: One major problem is that agriculture machinery is very expensive and farmers with small holdings would find it unviable to buy machinery today. Do you think the government of India and the Planning Commission will come up with such initiatives where it would be cheaper to collectively finance machinery for collective units rather than for individuals? Right now, if you take a loan, the rate of interest is the same for a collective outfit and an individual. A differentiation between the two would help.

PGT: Also, if you look at the Nabard’s rules, they are not really conducive for such purchases…

AJ: In my village the co-operative society is associated with IFFCO that hires out water tankers, rotovators, tractors, and ploughs and seeds. This is very good because the farmers do not need to buy them. Machines could never be optimally utilised because of the small land holding.

AS: There is also the more fundamental issue about government policies. The government policy has largely been to have schemes that are run through the state agricultural department. The state agricultural departments send them to their extension wing, which is basically a set of people who go to the farms but see the same people again and again.

AJ: They do not even go nowadays.

AS: Quite right. Those that do go meet the better off people and it is the same group that benefits. Today, there are special schemes for small farmers and one thinks that there will be something for the small farmer; some subsidy perhaps but eventually many such schemes end up by giving birth to a set of fake small farmers, who grab the benefits.

PGT: So there is a huge amount of corruption and it becomes a governance issue.

AS: In the case of extension work, the reach is insufficient in terms of number of extension workers and their ability to move: the simple ability to go to the farm continuously or the willingness to do so has gone down massively. The larger issue is whether the government can really be thinking in the old fashioned way: that something special has to be done for small farms and small farmers. Should it not say that it would do things differently: subsidising such activities that small farmers do collectively; encourage them. That is what is necessary; focus subsidies on small farmers, not just because they are small but actually to subsidise group activities.

AJ: The Budget for NREGA is around Rs 40,000 crore. The Right to Food will reportedly cost Rs 1,20,000 crore. The Budget for the Agriculture Ministry is Rs 15,000 crore. Do you think this expenditure is justified? Rather than invest around Rs 1,00,000 crore on the Right to Food, India could invest that in increasing agricultural productivity, helping 55 per cent of the population, which lives in the villages, to become self-sufficient. Don’t you think that approach is better than the one India is taking now?

AS: Let me make the point in a slightly different way. There are two subsidies: one is the food subsidy of about Rs 60,000 crore that will probably go up to Rs 75,000 crore, which is a very large chunk of money. What does this money do? Most of this money, presumably, is to make food cheaper for some people. The argument is that by making food cheaper, the market for food is being increased and the nutrition that people receive is being improved. So subsidies are being given to consume rice and wheat – limited only to rice and wheat – but also huge subsidies are being given to produce rice and wheat. The fertiliser subsidy is also of a similar amount of about Rs 60,000 crore. So, on the one hand, the government spends huge amount for production (most of it goes to rice and wheat) and, on the other, once it is produced, the government procures it for the public distribution system but finds that it cannot sell it at those prices. Wherever it tries this APL (above poverty line) thing, it does not sell. So it as to cut the prices. Here is a fundamental problem for a whole set of these basic cereals.

It is even worse for millets (jowar and baajra), which the government cannot procure: when it does procure, it rots because there is no provision for storage. The point is, in many cases, the cost of production for the farmers is quite high. The MSP (minimum support price) tries to cover that cost and, at times, becomes too high. In other words, there is a major problem of growing enough food at a price that enough people will be able to afford. Subsidies are not a good way of addressing this problem. Subsidies add up to a huge amount and you are absolutely right: between these two subsidies – leave aside NREGA for the moment – they add up to more than Rs 1,20,000 crore, whereas, the total expenditure of the ministry of agriculture is about Rs15,000 crore.

AJ: As a farmer organisation, we think these expenditures will never benefit the nation in the long run. We believe that fertiliser subsidies are not actually meant for the farmers but meant to keep the prices low for consumers. Farmers will be happy to take fertilisers without subsidies provided they get higher prices for their products.

AS: Whatever it is, the point simply is that it comes back to that technology problem, which is, can we expect farmers to produce a sufficient quantity of food or at least this food at a price that the mass of people can afford.

AJ: There is another issue: in my village, there is no person advising me or any other farmer. There are 6,00,000 villages in the country. If the government appointed an M.Sc. or B.Sc. for each village and trained him, the total cost would not exceed Rs 10,000 crore to Rs 12,000 crore and it could actually roll out extension services over a period of four or five years across the country through one officer at the village development office in every village. The cost would not even be 10 per cent of what is being spent but the Planning Commission does not propose such a thing.

AS: No, no, it is not that we do not propose such a thing. I think the Planning Commission, more than any other organisation, has posed the issue of subsidy against better use of the subsidy money. It is also the Planning Commission, which has been trying to put extension back on rails. There is a view that the Planning Commission does not reject that if you take an agriculture graduate, give him a sarkari naukri (government job) and place him in a village, he will be about as useful to the village as a primary school teacher, who is on a government salary. So it is more than just an issue of appointing these people; it is more than just a matter of spending money. It is spending that money usefully.

PGT: To change tack; over the last few decades excessive emphasis has been laid on the two major cereals, rice and wheat (in terms of strategies and programmes to enhance production) and not enough has been done for coarse cereals, which are far more hardy, less dependent on irrigation and far more nutritious. Not just all the millets but even the non-cereal foods.

AS: That would have been a right statement to make about 10 or 15 years ago. Since then, a number of things have happened. First, one of the areas in which massive expenditure is being made –and I am sorry to say, even in this area it is not very clear that expenditure is being done properly –is horticulture. In fact, after the Rashtriya Vikas Yojana, the horticulture mission is the largest expending item in the Ministry of Agriculture. Second, there has been a considerable shift in bank financing, away from traditional agricultural things to all sorts of other areas. Third, there are real growth stories over the last 20 years in milk, in some horticulture products and in meat and fish. Not just marine fish but with freshwater fish. These are where the growth has come and this growth has come about because of solid inputs. The ICAR laboratories have done considerably more work on things other than just rice and wheat. In fact, some think that rice and wheat have been de-emphasised a bit too much.

PGT: Coming to food inflation, why has the government been unable to control or put an effective check particularly on the prices of high-protein products, not only food and vegetables but also dairy products, in the recent past? There has been consistently high food inflation in the last few years. How much of it do you attribute to change in people’s eating habits? To people becoming relatively prosperous, eating less rice and wheat and eating other fruits and vegetables etcetera…the so-called demand side factor?

AS: I belong to a generation and of a mentality who would admit a problem and say that I cannot give an answer till I have the valid ability to do so. I will tell you what the problem really is. The problem is that our statistics on horticulture or livestock are very poor while our statistical ability to talk about rice and wheat and the major crops is much better. On livestock and on horticulture our statistics are, at best, late and, at worst, at any point in time, hopeless. We do not know what we have grown in the last three months or four months. Therefore, for the purpose of inflation control, one does not know the supply side. On the demand side too, the data comes with some lag and what the demand data shows simply does not match up with the supply data.

The demand data from the National Sample Survey – that has lags – shows slow movement rather than any sharp increases. In the last three years, essentially since the beginning of about 2009 to most of 2011, there has been a massive increase in prices, led really by foods, vegetables, poultry, fish, dairy products and such others. In this group of products, vegetables is a story of fluctuation and spikes rather than any sharp increase. The sharp increase is really in milk, meat, egg and fish. How much of this is due to a sudden spike in demand, which we do not have the data for? The latest data from NSS is for year 2009. How much of the rise in prices is because supply might have gone down? The supply side statistics is wrong but one knows that prices have gone up. On that basis the story can be told one way or the other. I certainly would not take upon myself the responsibility to say that any such story is going to be the real story. I would have to say, I do not know.

PGT: Do you think that food inflation is going to come down as the government has suggested time and again? The deputy chairman of the Planning Commission recently acknowledged that because the government has gone wrong over and over again, it has actually affected its credibility.

AS: It has…

PGT: The government kept saying that wholesale price index would come down to whatever: three per cent, four per cent; six per cent or eight per cent. It refused to do that. Where do you see food inflation going?

AS: There are patterns in this that are important: on the inflation front, things have been very bad for the last three years at least. It is not just in the last three years; from about 2004-05 or 2005-06, inflation rate for food has been going up. For 10 years before that, food prices were actually low and were, in fact, in relative terms, coming down. What is interesting is that food prices were stable or coming down in real terms in a period where output growth was low. They have been going up in the period where output growth is high! This is the first big mystery.

Yet it can be explained by the fact that exactly the same pattern is observed in the movement of food prices in the world as a whole. The movement of prices in India and the world was relatively similar but this opens up another question. Indian agriculture is hardly open to trade; it is relatively insulated compared to other sectors. So, how is it that what is happening in our prices seems to be parallel to what is happening in world prices? That big question is: Are people in a position to influence prices able to see that in a situation where world prices are high, the government would be unable to do anything about prices by importing the items? So that window, which is open to government, with which it can actually put down prices immediately, is being closed off?

PGT: The classic case of pulses (daal); there is just not enough of it available in the market.

AS: Daal is a classic story. India’s output had not increased for the last 30 years but daal prices should have been rising faster than other prices over most of that period. In fact, daal prices, relative to other prices, were falling for some of this period, including the period from mid-90s to the mid-2000s. The point is that there is, on the one hand, the paradox about output and prices moving in unexpected ways. On the other, there is this paradox that world prices seem to be affecting us, although we are relatively insulated. These realities have to be accepted. They also show some of the problems that the government is facing and why the government is not being able to do anything about it. In this context, a number of things are being said: that ‘marketing is poor; or, if you open up more; if you have more storage space; or more markets open up somehow prices will go down. Theoretically yes but the fact is that it is not as if India’s infrastructure was any better when inflation was low. The infrastructure is much better today especially because of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana that has actually transformed parts of rural India massively. Roads are, more than anything else, the infrastructure for marketing.

PGT: Why is there an apparent lack of co-ordination among different departments of the government: the agriculture ministry, food and civil supplies department, consumer affairs department, commerce ministry, finance ministry in their inability to devise early warning systems to prevent the spikes?

AS: This is a general problem of the government and it gets particularly worse in the case of food management. Two things have happened. First, there was a time when food management was simple; all that was needed was to look at cereal prices. If that one price was controlled everything else seemed to be controlled. The world has become a far more complex. People are now looking at a much more diversified basket and the more diversified the basket is, the more difficult it is to manage.

The second is about what one can control: which is cereals. This activity was messed up. The Food Corporation of India’s job was simply to buy where it was relatively cheap; where there were relative surpluses; and sell where it was relatively more expensive; where there were deficits. So one loved wheat and rice from Punjab, took it to the South and that is the way FCI worked; as an instrument of market stabilisation. Things have got a totally different shape today. The FCI tries to carry food to where the poor are: so it takes food and dumps it in Bihar, where there is a potential for growth and ends up reducing the incentive for the Bihar peasant to produce more. It is not actually supplying it to where the deficit really is, say Kerala, which is a relatively rich state with few poor people but which does not grow any wheat. As a result, it ends up not even using the mechanisms for stabilisation.

AJ: What you are saying has been said before about American aid. That food aid actually could be counterproductive for increasing agricultural productivity because it kept prices low and served as a disincentive for farmers for growing more.

AS: It could be. The basic thing is very simple; a minimum support price and then a ration price, which is low, with the government buying at a higher price and selling at lower prices, giving a huge subsidy. Whatever its arguments, this system could, in one shot (suppose there was no cash problem) deliver something both to the farmers as well as to the poor, provided two things worked: First, the MSPs worked and the farmers got the MSP. Second, the ration shop worked. That is, the poor got the cheap food. If both of them worked together that would be fine. The problem is that the PDS is probably working in some states like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The MSP is probably working in Punjab and Haryana. In Bihar neither is working.

PGT: You talked of the government having limited scope to, say, import; to act and influence prices but we seem to be systematically goofing up in the manner in which we are exporting and importing. Take two examples: In 2009, we were exporting sugar at Rs 12.50 per kilogram up till about March-April. About eight or nine months later we contracted for imports and whenever India contracts for imports, world prices shoot up. Onions are a classic case. What happened in 2010? There was a 10 per cent drop in output and one saw a huge spike with prices going up 300 per cent or 400 per cent. Why is India unable to use import and export in a rational manner?

AS: That is a good question and is generally related to India’s failure to: get its act together across ministries and it is exacerbated by the fact that there is a very poor knowledge. Around November 2010, prices were falling. It looked as if one knew prices would really come down and then, suddenly, in the first week of December or the last week of November there was his huge rise in prices, limited first to onions and then, across the board. One did not know what hit the prices and one did not have any information that this onion price hike was coming. Till that point everybody was talking of a good crop (nahi-nahi iss saal ka to badhiya crop): so that is the data problem.

PGT: This is a huge problem and what you are saying is what we have is a highly inadequate system of market intelligence.

AS: The system of basic statistics on some of these crops is poor; the system of having advance knowledge of what is likely to happen. In the whole business of forecasting crops, forecast is almost zero. I would also admit that even with the best information the co-ordination between departments would be pretty poor. It is bound to be so where information is weak because, in a situation of ignorance, some people will push for things. Obviously, the onion seller will want onion exports to be open and the buyer will want a restriction on this and there will always be a pressure. Which way will the wind blow? It will differ from ministry to ministry: agriculture will listen to farmers slightly more than the food ministry. It also depends on which ministry gets its views across; which is actually the way politics works.

AJ: There is another thing of interest. The Constitution of India provides for district planning committees (DPCs) but not for a Planning Commission. Yet the Planning Commission works but the DPCs do not. It has been suggested that the DPCs be formed and made to work and advise – from the bottom up – the Planning Commission and the state governments. One wonders who is responsible for setting them up: the state governments or the central government? The point is that the DPCs need to be working so they can actually send information (to farmers).

AS: Again, on this there has been a fair amount of movement in the last four to five years. It is far from perfect but the fact is that even in 2005-2006 many states had no DPCs. You must give Mani Shankar Aiyar his due: he was the first minister of panchayats to ensure that certain constitutional provisions were actually on the ground. Now, almost every state has DPCs; almost every state has had its panchayat elections; and that there are frameworks by which the DPC is constituted. Unfortunately, the DPCs are not quite the planning mechanism that they were supposed to be but are really thappa maro (rubber stamp) mechanisms. They are, however, there. Adequately strengthened on the capacity side, they have the ability to advice on technical matters. The DPCs can become what they were expected to be but are not at the moment. Again, some states are much better than others where things are very bad. In the case of agriculture, in the 11th Plan, partly as a result of an NDC decision there was the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, which had only two requirements of states. States would not get money under RKVY if they did not implement these two. One was that they could not cut their agriculture expenditure as a share of total expenditure from what it was. The second was that every district would have to have a district plan.

As a result, unlike in the 9th and 10th plans, states have not cut back on agriculture spending. Agriculture spending, even by the states, has been going up, which is one intention. The second intention, which is the district plans, is yet to be implemented. Every state produced for every district – as was the condition – a pharra (a piece of paper) that was the district plan. Some were good, some very bad but what is worse is that decisions being taken at the state level (and despite the local sanctioning committees) reflect the views of people in the capital more than views of the people in the districts.

PGT: Top down rather than bottom up…

AS: Yes, decision making was supposed to go down and it has certainly gone down to some extent from Delhi to the state capitals but not gone below that level. That is what one should really try and ensure. It needs to be remembered that the greatest opponents to panchayats and to DPCs and all of this is the local MLA and the local MP.

AJ: There is a major problem facing farmers: the concept of ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency), which is actually run by the district collectors). The DC is not even accessible to the opposition MLAs in states. So there is no way farmers can access schemes through the DCs because the central government is funding the ATMA scheme through the DCs. The last thing on the collector’s mind is agricultural productivity. He has so many functions that he cannot even fulfill his other executive functions. This is an issue that, as a farmer organisation, we would like to put to you.

AS: The ATMA (scheme) is a reaction to a collapsed extension system. The idea was to actually get as many different players on to the extension activity as was possible. It could be the KVK, it could be some progressive farmers; some good NGOs. Unfortunately, despite that what obtained was a talking shop where decisions were only taken when the district magistrate was around or there was some strong enough CEO or district agriculture officers, who could take decisions. In the second round of the ATMAs, it has been decided to have a block component. So there will now be a subject matter specialist at the block level. The point is, all this is scratching on the surface of a problem, which can only be solved by the states. I mean, the central government cannot actually get extension going in the states.

AJ: We have a saying ATMA ka tow paramatma murr gaya (ATMA’s God is dead)…

PGT: One last question: what could the Budget contain that will be beneficial for Indian agriculture as a whole and for farmers as well?

AS: Let us face it; almost every Budget in the recent past has started off with about 10 paragraphs on agriculture. It says Rs 100 crore here; Rs 50 crore there and there is a lot of that money that is not in the Budget. The Nabard is expected to do something; the banks are supposed to do something; but the Budget gives a lot of verbiage to agriculture. At the end of the day after so much talk, the amount going to agriculture is relatively small. This is a general pattern and I do not have any reason to doubt that this year’s Budget will basically conform to this. Where this year’s Budget is different, however, is that it is the first Budget of the 12th Plan. So, hopefully, one will see something in this Budget that reflects some 12th Plan concerns.

PGT: It is also a Budget at a time that the rate of growth of the economy has slowed down; where food inflation is not under control; where the international economic situation has perceptibly worsened.

AS: Absolutely! It is a Budget that is under pressure to be a fiscal consolidation Budget. However much the Finance Minister talks about growth concerns having to be met, given the conditions, expenditures will not go up too much. It will have to be essentially in terms of whether or not, within a limited increase in expenditure, one can have something that works better.

Farmers’ Forum, 19 February, 2012, http://farmersforum.in/agriculture-farming-india/crisis-in
-agriculture-of-technology-fatigue-rich-poor-farmer-divide
-governance-and-growth/

Tagged with: AGRICULTURE FARMERS AGRICULTURAL POLICY MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE

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Urdu poetry

تیرے وصال کی ٹوٹی ہے یوں بھی آس اکثر
تو دور رہ کے بھی ہم سے، رہا ہے پاس اکثر
تیرے بغیر کمی تو نہ تھی کوئی لیکن !
تیرے بغیر مگر ہم رہے اداس اکثر
تیرے وصا ل کی خواہش یقین تھا میرا
یہی یقین پھر آخر ھوا قیاس اکثر
یہ خال و خد کا طلسم ہے یا فریب نگاہ
کہ دھوکہ کھا گۓ چہرہ شناس اکثر
وہ جھیل تھیں کے سمندر خبر نہیں مجھ کو
عجیب آنکھیں تھیں جن سے بڑھی ہے پیاس اکثر
(شائستہ الیاس )

Urdu Poetry

Ahmad Faraz*
“Usy hm yad aty hain faqat fursat k lamhon mein,
“Magr ye bat b sach ha usy fursat nhi milti,
*Parveen Shakir,*
“Hum tasleem karty hain hamain fursat nhi milt,
“Magr jab yad krty hain zamana bhol jaty hain.
*Bushra Rehman,*
“Zamana bhol jaty hain teri ik deed ki khatir,
“Khayalon sy nikalty hain to sadiyan beet jati hain,
*Wasi Shah,*
“Sadiyan beet jati hain khayalon sy nikalny mein,
“Mgr jb yad ati ha to ankhain bheeg jati hn.

poetry urdu poetry شاعری ضرب المثل ضرب المثل اشعار

ٹیگ: poetry urdu poetry شاعری ضرب المثل ضرب المثل اشعار
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محب علوی
محب علوی
لائبریرین
مراسلے:10,819
جھنڈا:UnitedStates
موڈ:Angelic
اس پوسٹ کا مقصد ہے ایسے اشعار پوسٹ کرنا جو ضرب المثل بنے

آغاز کرتا ہوں

الجھا ہے پاؤں یار کا زلفِ دراز میں
لو آپ اپنے دام میں صیّاد آ گیا
(مومن خاں مومن)

محب علوی, ‏فروری 5, 2006 #1
پسندیدہ پسندیدہ × 5 زبردست زبردست × 2 معلوماتی معلوماتی × 2
وہاب اعجاز خان
وہاب اعجاز خان
محفلین
مراسلے:1,587
جواب

اس سلسلے میں کلاسیکی شعرا بہت زیادہ خوش قسمت رہے جن میں داغ، غالب میر اکبر جگر وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔

لطف مے تجھ سے کیا کہوں واعظ
ہائے کمبخت تو نے پی ہی نہیں
دی شب وصل موزن نے اذاں پچھلے پہر
ہائے کمبخت کو کس وقت خدا یاد آیا
تو ہے ہر جائی تو اپنا بھی یہی طور سہی
تو نہیں اور سہی اور نہیں اور سہی (داغ)

(اس عاشقی میں عزتِ سعادت بھی گئی)
ہوگا کسو دیوار کے سائے تلے میں میر
کیا کام محبت سے اس آرام طلب کو
اب تو جاتے ہیں بت کدے سے میر
پھر ملیں گے اگر خدا لایا
جو اس شور سے میر روتا رہے گا
تو ہمسایہ کاہے کو سوتا رہے گا (میر)

کی میرے قتل کے بعد اس نے جفا سے توبہ
ہائے اس ذودپشیماں کا پشیماں ہونا
یہ لاش بے کفن اسدِ خستہ جاں کی ہے
حق مغفرت کرے عجب آزاد مرد تھا
جانتا ہوں ثواب طاعت و زہد
پر طبعیت ادھر نہیں آتی
ان کے دیکھے سے جو آجاتی ہے منہ پر رونق
وہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ بیمار کا حال اچھا ہے
ہم کو معلوم ہے جنت کی حقیقت لیکن
دل کے خوش رکھنے کو غالب یہ خیال اچھا ہے
اس سادگی پہ کون نہ مرجائے اے خدا
لڑتے ہیں اور ہاتھ میں تلوار بھی نہیں (غالب)

اس غیرت ناہید کی ہر تان ہے دیپک
شعلہ سا لپک جائے ہے آواز تو دیکھو
وہ جو ہم میں تم میں قرار تھا تمہیں یاد ہو کہ نہ یاد ہو
وہی وعدہ یعنی نباہ کا تمہیں یاد ہو کہ نہ یاد ہو (مومن)

زندگی زندہ دلی کا نام ہے
مردہ دل خاک جیا کرتے ہیں (ناسخ)

مرگ حسین اصل میں مرگ یزید ہے
اسلام زندہ ہوتا ہے ہر کربلا کے بعد (مولانا محمد علی جوہر)

پھونکوں سے یہ چراغ بجھایا نہ جائے گا (ظفر علی خان)

ہم آہ بھی کرتے ہیں تو ہو جاتے ہیں بدنام
وہ قتل بھی قتل بھی کرتے ہیں تو چرچا نہیں ہوتا(اکبر)

کبھی ہم سے کبھی غیروں سے شناسائی ہے
بات کہنے کی نہیں تو بھی تو ہرجائی ہے
گلزار و ہست و بود نہ بیگانہ وار دیکھ
ہے دیکھنے کی چیز اسے بار بار دیکھ
ابھی عشق کے امتحاں اور بھی ہیں (اقبال)

یہ عشق نہیں آسان بس اتنا سمجھ لیجیئے
ایک آگ کا دریا ہے اور ڈوب کے جانا ہے (جگر)

دیکھا جو تیر کھا کے کمیں گاہ کی طرف
اپنے ہی دوستوں سے ملاقات ہو گئ (حفیظ جالندھری

کیوں اداس پھرتے ہو سردیوں کی شاموں میں
اس طرح تو ہوتا ہے اس طرح کے کاموں میں (شائد سلیم احمد کا شعر ہے)
گو ذرا سی بات پہ برسوں کے یارانے گئے
لیکن اتنا تو ہو کچھ لوگ پہچانے گئے خاطر غزنوی

ابتدائے عشق ہے روتا ہے کیا
آگے آگے دیکھے روتا ہے کیا

وہاب اعجاز خان, ‏فروری 5, 2006 #2
پسندیدہ پسندیدہ × 7 زبردست زبردست × 4
رضوان
رضوان
محفلین
مراسلے:2,668
وہاب صاحب( شناء)
آپ اکیلے ھی کئیوں پر بھاری ھیں جو ایک دو ھمارے ذھن میں تھے وہ آپ نے شامل کر دئیے بہت عمدہ انتخاب ھے آپکا

Protecting Bees

37 Million Bees Dead After GMO Seeds Planted Nearby
Posted on June 20, 2016 by Sean Adl-Tabatabai in Sci/Environment // 7 Comments
37 million bees found dead after GMO seeds planted nearby

Over 37 million bees have been found dead in Canada after GMO corn was planted recently in the local area.

According to local beekeeper, Dave Schuit, since the GMO corn was planted close to his farm he lost over 37 million bees as a direct result.

Anonhq.com reports:

According to reports, Schuit and other local beekeepers believe neonicotinoids, or “neonics” are to blame for the influx of bee deaths.

Around 37 million bees at a farm in Canada have died after GMO corn was planted in the nearby area, according to a local beekeeper.

Dave Schuit, a beekeeper who produces honey in Elmwood, Canada, claims that since GMO corn was planted in the nearby area, his farm has lost around 37 million bees (approximately 600 hives). According to reports, Schuit and other local beekeepers believe neonicotinoids, or “neonics” are to blame for the influx of bee deaths.

Imidacloprid and Clothianidin, two of Bayer CropScience’s most widely used pesticide, both contain neonics and have been linked with many large-scale bee ‘die-offs’ in both European and U.S. countries. However, despite the dangers associated with the use of this chemical, the pesticides are still regularly used and sold on the market.

Despite their size, the impact bees have on the environment is almost unparalleled. In fact, bees are responsible for pollinating about one-sixth of the flowering plant species worldwide and approximately 400 different agricultural types of plant.

In 2010, bees helped provide over $19 billion worth of agricultural crops in the U.S alone – estimated to be roughly one third of the food we eat. As a result, it is not hard to see that bees are needed to sustain our modern food system.

However, despite their obvious importance in our ecosystem, bee populations have been rapidly dropping over the past few decades. In fact, 44 percent of honeybee colonies in the United States died off last year, the U.S. Department of Agriculture reported last month.

In the past, scientists have tried to conclude why bee populations are in rapid decline. While it is not been proven that pesticides directly kill the bees that come into contact with the chemical, many scientists believe there is a strong link between the use of the pesticide and a phenomenon they refer to as “colony collapse disorder” (CCD).

“We believe that some subtle interactions between nutrition, pesticide exposure and other stressors are converging to kill colonies,” said Jeffery Pettis, of the ARS’s bee research laboratory.

While the cause of CCD is still widely debated, some believe that “the neonicotinoid pesticides are coating corn seeds, and with the use of new air seeders, are blowing pesticide dust into the air when planted.”

However, according to a new study published in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, neonicotinoid pesticides kill honeybees by damaging their immune system and making them unable to fight diseases and bacteria.

Although we are unable to definitively determine what is causing the terminal decline of bee populations around the world, using all the scientific evidence that is currently available, it is clear that pesticides are having a significantly negative effect on bee populations.

In fact, it seems more and more countries are also beginning to accept this idea. Canada has banned the use of Imadacloprid on sunflower and corn fields; France has rejected Bayer’s application for Clothianidin; Italy has now banned certain neonicotinoids; and the European Union has banned multiple pesticides.

At this moment in time, EU scientists are reviewing the EU-wide ban on three neonicotinoid pesticides. By the end of January 2017, the EU scientist will finish their risk evaluation and determine the status of the chemical.

Although the United States have yet to follow suit, several states – including California, Alaska, New York, and Massachusetts – are currently considering legislation that would ban neonicotinoids. In fact, just last month Maryland came the first state to pass a neonic-restricting bill; Maryland’s Pollinator Protection Act has eliminated consumer use of neonicotinoids in the state.

Hail storm ..Holland

Hail storm Holland
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Supercell, severe weather destroys 100 hectares of Dutch glasshouses

A supercell thunderstorm destroyed at least 100 hectares of greenhouses in the province of North Brabant in the South of Holland last night. The total damage is estimated to be millions of euro’s. “Most of the companies are forced to stop their crop”, said bell pepper grower Wim van den Boomen.

Hail as big as baseballs crashed onto homes, cars, fruit trees and greenhouses last night. Not only bell pepper grower Wim van den Boomen’s greenhouse was destroyed, also many other ones in the area. “Many growers have severe damage, at most of the companies the crop will be taken out.”

Amongst the stricken companies are Greenco, known for the Tommies brand of snacking tomatoes, and Pieter van Gog’s cucumbers and strawberry greenhouse operations. Local newspapers informed that 20 of his 28 hectare greenhouse is heavily damaged. “Totally destroyed. Everything is broken.”

Earlier on Thursday, heavy rainfall caused severe damage at this greenhouse in Holand; a total of six trellis could not carry the heavy weight of the huge amount of rain that came down in a very short time. Pictures : Kasreparatie.nl

Pictures : Kasreparatie.nl

Earlier this week, other Belgian and Dutch growers were struck by heavy rainfall too; Parking lots flooded and greenhouses were damaged. Hopefully this has been one of the last storms of the season for them…

Publication date: 6/24/2016
Author: Boy de Nijs
Copyright: http://www.hortidaily.com

Justice Kalifullah India

Jan 20, 2015

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Appointed as Acting Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu and Kashmir on 07.04.2011. Took oath as
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Nov 17, 2014Details

Appointed as Acting Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu and Kashmir on 07.04.2011.

Took oath as Chief Justice of High Court of Jammu and Kashmir on 18.09.2011.

Elevated as Judge, Supreme Court of India on 2nd April, 2012.

Due to retire on 22nd July, 2016.

Sources: http://goo.gl/GrqWdv
Also read the related Article

A Moment of Infamy for Tamilnadu Govt

by V. Sundaram

Hon’ble Justice F M Ibrahim Kalifulla has delivered a historic judgement rendering substantive justice to the unmourned, unhung and unsung common man in Chennai by ordering fresh elections to 99 wards out of 155 wards and directing the State Election Commission (SEC) to recall election certificates issued to candidates elected from these wards. The matter has been referred to Hon’ble Chief Justice A P Shah for appropriate orders.

Through his judgement, Mr Justice Kalifulla has given cubic content to the immortal words of Justice Felix Frankfurter: ‘Judges are not merely the habitations of bloodless categories of the law which pursue their pre-destined ends’. Instead of taking a sterile, bloodless and neutrally neutral view between good and evil, he has categorically declared: ‘In a democratic set up holding of elections in a free and fair manner assumes great importance’. He has referred to the word of caution given by the Supreme Court of India to the effect that successful candidates who had resorted to foul methods should not be allowed to reap the benefits.

He has also stated that he was convinced that ‘there was an extreme and extraordinary situation’, which warranted an extraordinary remedy in view of the magnitude of the situation. He has concluded that it would be wholly inappropriate if fresh elections were not ordered to a majority of the wards. By his verdict setting aside the civic elections in 99 wards out of 155 wards, Mr Justice Kalifulla has demonstrated that another great American Judge and Jurist Benjamin N Cardozo (1870-1938) was absolutely right when he stated: ‘The great tides and currents which engulf the rest of men, do not turn aside in their course, and pass the judges by’.

Mr Justice Kalifulla in his judgement has expressed concern that it is unfortunate that the State Election Commission did not raise even its little finger though an extraordinary situation was unfolding on 13 October, 2006, when the civic election to Chennai Corporation was being held. He has passed severe strictures against the State Election Authority.

In his judgement he has declared that the stand and attitude of the State Election Commissioner (SEC) was ‘highly irresponsible’ and that he had ‘miserably failed in the discharge of his function’. The law-abiding citizens of Chennai had a lurking suspicion right from the beginning that the State Election Commission needlessly functioned as a branch office of the DMK Party from the day on which the elections were notified. This suspicion has now been confirmed by the Judgement of Mr Justice Kalifulla.

Severely indicting the SEC’s failure to give even the minimum details about the steps taken by him either to control rigging and booth capturing or restore normalcy to ensure the conduct of free and fair polls on 13 October, 2006, the Hon’ble Judge has said: ‘to say the least, the stand of the SEC can only be construed as a highly irresponsible one and was not in the interest of protecting democracy. Instead, it can only be stated as an indifferent attitude displayed without realizing the responsibility reposed on him’.

Ballot papers strewn all over at Vyasarpadi in Chennai on 13 October, 2006 (glibly ignored by the SEC)

In conclusion, Mr Justice Kalifulla said that the SEC had thoroughly failed to come up to the expectation and that he had displayed a totally indifferent attitude for reasons best known to him and thereby failed to ensure a free and fair poll. To quote his words once again: ‘Every one of the incidents and details, besides the failure of the SEC to react to the situation, contributed to an extreme and extraordinary situation and it called for an extraordinary remedy. It will have to be held that there was no free and fair election on 13 October, 2006’.

The enlightened public in Chennai are fully aware of the fact that the SEC functioned only as a spokesman for the ruling DMK party and not as an impartial public election authority. All the complaints made to the SEC were either ignored or treated with contempt or were simply forwarded to the Commissioner of Police, who in turn showed no better perception than that shown by the SEC.

In regard to the complaints of snatching of ballot papers and rigging, the SEC had come forward with a simple categorical denial of the allegations and had stated that such incidents had been blown out of proportion. Mr Justice Kalifulla has wondered as to how the SEC could come forward with such a blatant denial.

Mr Justice Kalifulla has also criticized the Director General of Police and the Commissioner of Police for having taken the pre-meditated view that the violent and ugly incidents were only ‘sporadic’. To quote the exact words of Mr Justice Kalifulla: ‘I am constrained to state that such a stand taken by these police authorities was far from truth and did not reveal the correct state of affairs’. The High Court has come to the right conclusion that the police officials on par with the SEC failed in the performance of their statutory functions.

Soon after the civic elections, Union Panchayati Raj Minister Mani Shankar Aiyar had described as ‘aberrations,’ the difficulties faced in holding ‘free and fair’ panchayat elections in Tamilnadu. He pointed out that enquiries had been ordered into the incidents.

All the major English and vernacular newspapers in India had carried detailed reports and graphic pictures about the violent and ugly incidents that marred the Chennai Corporation Council elections. The SEC and the Tamilnadu Government treated these incidents as minor episodes which had taken place in a remote district in Central China or Iceland! All the newspapers had exposed in one ringing voice the massive rigging of elections on an unprecedented scale in Chennai City. It was reported that in a precisely planned operation, supporters and henchmen of the ruling Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) drove out poll officers and party agents at knife point, captured polling booths and the ballot boxes with ballot papers and voted for their party candidates. Candidates of the rival All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) and Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) or even an ally like the Communist Party of India (Marxist), who resisted, were assaulted. D. Pandian, State secretary of the CPI, called it ‘a misguided adventure’ while G Ramakrishnan, CPI(M) State secretariat member, described the incidents as ‘a planned operation’.

In a strongly worded statement, N Varadarajan, State secretary of the CPI(M), called the incidents ‘shocking’ and charged that some DMK candidates and legislators led ‘armed, professional rowdy groups’ to capture polling booths. False cases under non-bailable offences were booked against CPI(M) district committee leaders like Devi. Complaints to SEC officials were of no avail.

There were widespread demonstrations by almost all political parties against the planned rigging of elections by the DMK Party. Cadres of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) staged a demonstration at Dindigul condemning the violence during local body elections in Chennai. They demanded stern action against those involved in it. K Balabarathi, MLA, said that the violence was a ‘murder of democracy’. Though the CPI (M) was part of the Democratic Progressive Alliance, it would not tolerate such anti-democratic incidents. She described it as pre-planned violence and alleged that persons had been mobilized from different parts of the State to commit atrocities.

Against this known background, the historic judgement of Mr Justice Kalifullah comes as a great relief to the frustrated, innocent and law abiding voters of Chennai City. Reading the inspiring judgement of this great judge, I am reminded of another landmark judgement given by Chief Justice William Murray, Lord Mansfield in 1770 in England. In this judgement, he came out with the following inspiring words: ‘I will not do that which my conscience tells me is wrong, upon this occasion, to gain the huzzas of thousands, or the daily praise of all the papers which come from the Press. I will not avoid doing what I think is right, though it should draw on me the whole artillery of libels; all that falsehood and malice can invent, or the credulity of a deluded populace can swallow’.

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Tag Archives: literature

OCTOBER 12, 2015 · 8:00 AM
“An Old Man’s Thought of School” and the Next Generation of Teachers
Yesterday afternoon I was honored to be the guest speaker at the induction of new members into Valparaiso University’s chapter of Kappa Delta Pi, the international honor society in education. You can find my remarks below; I based my speech on a reading of Walt Whitman’s terrific little poem “An Old Man’s Thought of School,” a poem I discussed a few years ago when my sons were returning to school in the fall:

I want to start today by sharing “An Old Man’s Thought of School” with you, and, no, I am not talking about myself. “An Old Man’s Thought of School” is the name of a poem Walt Whitman wrote to celebrate the opening of a public school in Camden, New Jersey, in 1874:

An old man’s thought of school,

An old man, gathering youthful memories and blooms that youth itself cannot.

Now only do I know you!

O fair auroral skies! O morning dew upon the grass!

And these I see—these sparkling eyes,

These stores of mystic meaning—these young lives,

Building, equipping like a fleet of ships—immortal ships!

Soon to sail out over the measureless seas,

On the Soul’s voyage.

Only a lot of boys and girls?

Only the tiresome spelling, writing, ciphering classes?

Only a public school?

Ah! more—infinitely more;

(As George Fox rais’d his warning cry, “Is it this pile of brick and mortar—these

dead floors, windows, rails—you call the church?

Why this is not the church at all—the church is living, ever living souls.”)

And you, America,

Cast you the real reckoning for your present?

The lights and shadows of your future—good or evil?

This Union multiform, with all its dazzling hopes and terrible fears?

Look deeper, nearer, earlier far—provide ahead—counsel in time;

Not to your verdicts of election days—not to your voters look,

To girlhood, boyhood look—the teacher and the school.

By 1874 Whitman was something of a celebrity; his poetry might have been controversial to some, but this only added to his growing national and international fame. So it is worth highlighting the fact that Whitman himself recited this poem at the school’s inauguration celebration before later publishing it. Today we usually hear poems written for presidential inaugurations, but Whitman clearly saw the opening of a school as an important event and one worthy of poetry. He was right. In the brief time I have with all of you today, I want to talk about why this was the case, and why we should still celebrate schools, students, and teachers, with poems like this one.

Growing up, Whitman attended Brooklyn’s only public school until he had to drop out to start working when he was only eleven years old. He read constantly, however, and at age seventeen, needing money, he returned to school, but this time as a teacher in rural one-room schoolhouses. Whitman was progressive for his time, opposing corporal punishment and preferring dialogue with his students to lectures and rote memorization. Still, he was also dissatisfied with the pay and the working conditions, and while he appreciated his students, when politics and journalism beckoned, he left the schools behind.

But he never forgot them, and, as “An Old Man’s Thought of School” makes clear, he actually came to appreciate them even more. In fact, he says, only “now,” when he is old, does he truly understand the significance of schools and what they mean. First there are the students—“only a lot of boys and girls?” he asks.

No.

When he thinks about students now, this is what he sees:

“these sparkling eyes,

These stores of mystic meaning—these young lives,

Building, equipping like a fleet of ships—immortal ships!

Soon to sail out over the measureless seas,

On the Soul’s voyage.”

They are not simply children, or future employees, or problems to solve through the right combination of policies and procedures. They are “stores of mystic meaning” preparing for “the Soul’s voyage.” Could there be anything more meaningful, or more important, than helping “these young lives” prepare for the “measureless seas” that await them?

Not according to Whitman. And this isn’t only because of what he thought was at stake for the individual. For him, the very fate of the nation is intimately connected to what goes on in the schools, in how young people are equipped to act in the world they will inherit. He writes,

“And you, America,

Cast you the real reckoning for your present?

The lights and shadows of your future—good or evil?

This Union multiform, with all its dazzling hopes and terrible fears?

Look deeper, nearer, earlier far—provide ahead—counsel in time;

Not to your verdicts of election days—not to your voters look,

To girlhood, boyhood look—the teacher and the school.”

If we care about the nation, if we care about the future, then we need to “provide ahead”—we need to look to our teachers and our schools. That, he argues, is where the future will be decided, even more than in the voting booth. For a poet who worked in government and was always active in politics, who watched “This Union multiform” rip itself apart in a civil war less than ten years earlier, this is quite a statement.

Now, I’d like to think I’m not yet an “old man”—maybe just an “older man,” or let’s say “seasoned,” and I don’t know exactly why Whitman felt it was only in his later years that he truly saw the meaning and value of school. But I can say a little about how my own perspective on school and teaching has changed over time, and it really comes down to one thing:

I became a parent.

It’s only now, watching my kids navigate their way through school, that I have a true appreciation for the work you are all training to do. And I say that having been a teacher myself for twenty years now. But when I meet my students, they are already on their journey. To borrow Whitman’s seafaring metaphor, their ships have already launched, and in many ways my job is to lead them to deeper waters and to give them the skills and the tools they need to navigate them.

It’s the elementary and secondary school teachers that help launch those ships in the first place. It’s a tremendous opportunity and a tremendous responsibility. The fact is that during the week, my sons spend more of their waking hours at school than they do at home, and their teachers don’t just teach them skills like reading, writing, and arithmetic; they help introduce them to so much of the world. They help them see what is possible and what they can become, and they map the course forward.

And this is isn’t just an abstract or poetic idea: with assessment driving more and more, earlier and earlier, the work a student does in fourth and fifth grade determines what math course, what English course, that student takes in sixth grade, and on and on. What I see clearly as a parent, what I couldn’t possibly understand as a child, is just how essential a good teacher is to a student’s life.

Now, I’m not telling you all of this to make sure you understand the full scope of your responsibilities. You’re here today because you already understand. Today’s recognition of your hard work in your classes is a sign that you know how important your profession is, and you’ve done your best to prepare for it.

No, I’m telling you this today because, unfortunately, our society doesn’t always appreciate our teachers the way it should. I’m telling you all of this because there will be days when teaching just feels like, well, work, when grading is a hassle and your students seem more like problems than people. When those days come, and trust me, they will, I want you to pause and look again. Look at your school, and look at your students. You are their companion on an amazing journey, and they need you. And as Whitman understood so clearly as an “old man”—We all do.

So, congratulations on all that you have accomplished so far. Celebrate this success and savor it. And when tomorrow comes, wake up and strive for more. It’s that important. And know that all of your teachers are rooting for you.

School house. Marshall County, Iowa. Great photo of a country schoolhouse in Iowa. This is where futures were made. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA
School house. Marshall County, Iowa.
What a great photo. This is where futures were made.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA

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Tagged as Fatherhood, Kappa Delta Pi, literature, motivation, Poetry, Teaching, Walt Whitman
JULY 18, 2015 · 9:00 AM
Insight
Here are our thoughts, voyagers’ thoughts,
Here not the land, firm land, alone appears, may then by them be said,
The sky o’erarches here, we feel the undulating deck beneath our feet,
We feel the long pulsation, ebb and flow of endless motion,
The tones of unseen mystery, the vague and vast suggestions of the briny world, the liquid-flowing syllables,
The perfume, the faint creaking of the cordage, the melancholy rhythm,
The boundless vista and the horizon far and dim are all here,
And this is ocean’s poem.
Walt Whitman, “In Cabin’d Ships at Sea,” (1891-92)
I’ve spent the last week doing research at Loyola University’s Lake Shore campus in Chicago while my sons attended summer camp. Here is the view from the Information Commons where I am writing this and where I’ve spent a good deal of my time:

View from the ground floor of Loyola’s Information Commons
My temporary workspace in Loyola’s Information Commons
The Washington Post recently ran a short article on new research into “insight,” and one of the study’s authors described how a spacious landscape can help trigger moments of insight and creativity. I’m a sample of one, but there may be something to this: I wouldn’t be surprised to find I owe my recent poetic inspiration to the incredible horizon. In any case, it’s always good to regain a sense of perspective, and to remember there’s still a big, beautiful world out there. Of course, it’s easier to remember when all you have to do is look out the window. Amazing.

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Tagged as Books, Inspiration, literature, Loyola University, motivation, Poetry, Walt Whitman
JULY 16, 2015 · 8:00 AM
Runners Past and Future
Runners Past

The old men smoking

Were all little children once.

And, man, could they run.

Martin T. Buinicki (14 July 2015)

I don’t write poetry much these days, although I spent countless hours grinding out Beat-inspired verse—or at least very long sentences—back in college. In fact, I can’t remember the last time I wrote a poem. This little haiku came to me during a quick run the other evening at the end of a very long day. As I made my way up the street, on my left I saw a man sitting on his porch with a cigarette, watching me. He looked older, but I couldn’t be sure. He certainly seemed worn down. In a park across the way, a group of kids chased after one another, laughing with delight.

In between—me, a man pacing his middle age.

If you’re a fan of poetry, then you know my little poem owes a big debt to T. E. Hulme’s short piece “Image.” And it’s true that just as old houses were once scaffolding, we were all children once, and children don’t smoke when they’re six.

They run.

There’s a note of melancholy here; maybe my poem is even maudlin. I often veer towards the sentimental when I think about running, or getting older, for that matter. But I also find something reassuring in the fact that, young or old, we can still make positive, active choices. Aging is inevitable; how we age is not. One of my friends was a smoker when I met him, and now he runs multiple marathons a year. Yes, I’ve seen enough people struggle with nicotine addiction to know how difficult it can be to quit, and there are plenty of other challenges that can leave us feeling trapped, powerless, spectators of our own lives.

But I’ve also seen wheelchair athletes powering their way up hills I can barely scale, and men and women much older than I am racing past me like I was standing still. I have another friend who’s spent the last two years learning to play guitar, and he just joined a rock band. His wife is on bass. In other words, there’s an unwritten corollary to my poem, and it looks to the future: we may no longer be children, but we can keep running. The choice is ours.

I found this wonderful picture while looking for images of “Crossing the finish line” at the Library of Congress. Title: [Children in race crossing finish line] Date Created/Published: [between 1909 and 1923]Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
I found this wonderful picture while looking for images of “Crossing the finish line” at the Library of Congress.
Title: [Children in race crossing finish line]
Date Created/Published: [between 1909 and 1923]Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

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Tagged as literature, marathon training, motivation, Poetry, Running, T. E. Hulme
JUNE 18, 2015 · 8:00 AM
The Runner on the Side of the Road
“It is not words only that are emblematic; it is things which are emblematic. Every natural fact is a symbol of some spiritual fact. Every appearance in nature corresponds to some state of the mind, and that state of the mind can only be described by presenting that natural appearance as its picture.”

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, 1836

What do you think when you see a runner making his or her solitary way along the road?

Besides, “I’d better be sure to move over!” of course.

I imagine most of us don’t give it much thought at all. Well, if I’m being honest, and I haven’t gotten in my run for the day, I feel a pang of guilt. If the weather is nice, I feel an equally powerful pang of envy. I also experience a brief flash of identification: as Whitman might say, “Just as you feel…I felt.” This kind of instant empathy increases with conditions: rain, heat, wind—anything that might make non-runners shake their heads but fill runners with admiration for the other’s determination.

Still, if we’re driving our cars or riding our bikes on an errand, runners are simply part of the landscape, a fleeting sight that leaves no impression, awakens few questions and little interest.

That’s where Emerson comes in. He was convinced that those seemingly insignificant features of the landscape, the material objects that make up the world around us, are filled with meaning for those who could read them properly. Nature itself was a text spread before us, waiting to be interpreted, and not simply passed over as we rush from one appointment to the next.

Which brings me back to the runner on the side of the road.

A few weeks ago, I ran my first twenty-miler in preparation for Grandma’s Marathon. As I mentioned here, it didn’t go well. I prepared poorly the night before, I underestimated the heat and humidity, and I did not hydrate properly on the run itself. Starting around mile fourteen, it was a real struggle. By mile eighteen, it was only the knowledge that I was almost home that kept me going. My thoughts were reduced to that single, painful pinprick of a needle that all marathoners know so well: “Just keep moving.”

It all sounds melodramatic now, but it felt overwhelming at the time. And it definitely shook my confidence. How could I hope to complete a marathon when I couldn’t run twenty miles? I was at the end of my rope.

But to drivers passing by, I was just one more runner on the road.

I bring this up because I will be running Grandma’s Marathon in two days, and you are welcome to sign up to follow me here. My bib number is 3166.

My splits will tell you part of the story: Did I go out too fast? Did I maintain a steady pace? Did I hit the wall? Did I manage to break four hours again?

My times can tell you this much.

But every runner knows there’s a considerable distance between these facts and the experience of the marathon. The experience can be inspiring, terrifying, and downright ugly. It’s a building up and a stripping away, and, for all its magnitude, it is ephemeral, like all events that loom so large in our lives and then disappear in the quicksilver of days.

Perhaps there is no way to capture the meaning of the marathon. The truth is that just as the numbers will fail to tell the whole story, my words likely will too. We can never truly know the runner on the side of the road. We just know that she runs.

But I promise that when I’ve crossed the finish line, I’ll do my best to tell the story behind the splits, and maybe you’ll know something more about me.

And so will I.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

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Tagged as Books, Grandma’s Marathon, literature, marathon training, motivation, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Running, Walt Whitman
MAY 31, 2015 · 4:10 PM
Grandma’s Marathon, Three Weeks from Now
The preparations have every one been justified,

The orchestra have sufficiently tuned their instruments, the baton

has given the signal.

Walt Whitman, “To Think of Time”

Spring passed with a blur. It’s hard to believe that my last post dealt with running in sub-zero temperatures; yesterday, I ran twenty miles in the rain.

What a difference three months can make!

I will be running Grandma’s Marathon in three weeks, my first marathon in over a year, and my first in the summer. I signed up on a whim one evening this March, looking to make a commitment that would jump-start my running.

It worked, but I was immediately reminded of why one doesn’t usually sign up for a marathon on a whim: the race was less than four months out, I had no place to stay in Duluth, and I was already behind in my training. Oops.

The housing obstacle took only a few desperate hours of Internet searching and several emails to overcome.

Good times.

And the training? Well, that was a little trickier. I wasn’t doing any long runs, and I needed to get marathon-ready in fifteen weeks. I’ll be honest: it’s been tough. I have never trained solo before, and never during this time of year. Even after five marathons, I’ve made more than my share of mistakes in the process. I didn’t prepare well for my first twenty-mile run two weeks ago, for example (but I really wanted that beer!), and I took off that morning as the sun was already rising, along with the humidity.

Electrolyte depletion is no joke: I staggered home three and a half hours later, feeling dead on my feet. And yes, I should have known better. I’m sharing so you can learn from my mistakes.

Happily, yesterday went much better, even with the rain. Sure, I feel like a wrung-out dishtowel today, but I’m still walking, and the marathon no longer seems impossible. I’m not harboring any great ambitions. I’ve trained hard, but probably not hard enough for a PR. And that’s ok. At this time last year, I barely felt like running at all, so this is progress.

The Whitman poem I quote above is not one of his most famous, although it dates all the way back to the 1855 edition of Leaves of Grass. I’ve turned to it before in these pages, inspired by the speaker’s contentment with the world as it is. I’m not there yet. Perhaps I never will be. But as for the marathon? I think the preparations have been justified. It’s almost time to go.

Here’s a great lithograph from 1888, featuring a who’s who of late nineteenth-century musicians. Our national music / Geo. H. Walker & Co. lithographers, Boston. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
Here’s a great lithograph from 1888, featuring a who’s who of late nineteenth-century musicians.
Our national music / Geo. H. Walker & Co. lithographers, Boston.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

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Tagged as Grandma’s Marathon, literature, marathon training, motivation, Poetry, Running, Walt Whitman
FEBRUARY 3, 2015 · 10:52 AM
You’ll Never Run Alone
“Closer yet I approach you,

What thought you have of me now, I had as much of you—I laid in my stores in advance,

I consider’d long and seriously of you before you were born.

Who was to know what should come home to me?

Who knows but I am enjoying this,

Who knows, for all the distance, but I am as good as looking at you now, for all you cannot see me?”

“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry,” Walt Whitman

The day after I wrote my recent post on rejoining the running community, I received an email from the company that makes a running app I downloaded last year.

Its subject line? “We haven’t seen you yet!”

Spooky.

Now, I’m not naïve. I know that our phones collect all sorts of information regarding our usage, etc., and I have no doubt that I “opted-in” when I picked up the app. Still, particularly given the timing, it was rather surprising to be reminded so directly that this company knows as much about my running habits as you, my loyal readers, do.

If privacy were my real concern here, I wouldn’t be writing a blog, of course, so I suppose my discomfort must stem from something else. Is it the fact that the email reinforced my own concerns regarding my running discipline? Is it the knowledge that, when I grab my phone and head out the door, I become someone’s data point? The idea that the amorphous running community I sought to rejoin could so easily become literal through the power of social media? All of the above?

Yes.

Whitman looked at the crowds crossing the river on Brooklyn Ferry and then looked past them; he saw the future generations still traveling far in the future, and felt that he was with them, as surely as he was with those souls lining the handrail next to him. He was watching them, and, imaginatively, poetically, he was watching us, “for all we cannot see him,” creating the famous Whitman I/Eye, spanning time and space. No one opts out.

And now? Now we have an app for that.

Hm. I think next time I’ll leave the phone at home, give my friends in Silicon Valley the day off and run by myself.

Well, I suppose Whitman will come along, too.

And you, of course.

I’ll do my best to keep up.

The “Summary” of this photograph at the Library of Congress states, “on fake rock with fake mountain.” Ah well. We can still get outdoors. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
The “Summary” of this photograph at the Library of Congress states, “on fake rock with fake mountain.” Still, he looks ready for a journey, doesn’t he? Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

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Tagged as literature, marathon training, motivation, Poetry, Walt Whitman
JANUARY 28, 2015 · 7:45 AM
(Re)Joining the Club
“This is the only way, we say; but there are as many ways as there can be drawn radii from one centre. All change is a miracle to contemplate; but it is a miracle which is taking place every instant.”

Walden, Henry David Thoreau

I went for a run the other day, a rare occurrence lately, I’m afraid. It was late afternoon, during one of the fleeting breaks in the cold that has settled over Northwest Indiana like mist. It felt good to be running again, but I was painfully aware of how much harder it was than I remembered. I was winded, and far too preoccupied with how far I had to go before I reached home.

I run for many reasons, but running just so that I can finally stop running is usually not one of them.

As I approached my street, another runner crossed the intersection about a block ahead of me. I felt that flash of camaraderie most runners have when seeing one another, particularly on days when most people stay indoors. Being a runner is strangely like being a member of a very large, diffuse club. You recognize fellow members through various signs, subtle or obvious, and you pay your dues with your feet, in miles traveled.

This particular day, watching that runner race past, I suddenly felt like an imposter.

If you read enough running blogs, you will be familiar with the “Am I a runner?” posts. For many new runners, this is a significant question. When does running change from something you do to something you are?

I’ll admit I’ve never had a particularly sophisticated take on this. If you run with any kind of frequency, then you are a runner. If someone were to say, “No, that’s a jogger,” I’d probably shrug and hum “Let’s Call the Whole Thing Off.”

Potato/potahto.

But I do think a runner is someone who runs fairly often, who feels better when she does it and worse when she doesn’t. So what does that make me now?

And, yes, I think we could have a similar discussion regarding writing. Does writing daily make you a writer? Does publishing your work do the trick? Just when, and how, does an activity become an identity?

If you are one of my subscribers—hi, Bob!—then you will know that my writing has been as sporadic as my running of late. So am I lapsed runner/writer?

In the end, neither the question nor the answer really matters. What does matter is how I felt when I was running that day.

I didn’t like it. At all. I knew that something had to change.

I taught Walden this past semester, and the quotation that I used here as an epigraph returned to me as I thought about how I might break free from the inertia I’ve been experiencing. Our habits can seem like inevitabilities, our routines like rails that we run our lives along. Thoreau reminds us that it’s just not the case. That doesn’t mean it’s easy to find an alternate route, another way to live our lives or achieve our goals. In fact, I think that’s what he means when he writes, “All change is a miracle to contemplate; but it is a miracle which is taking place every instant.” Change can seem impossible sometimes, but it’s not. It happens all the time.

So here we go. I am re-joining the club. Ok, clubs. I have two manuscripts in draft form that I am aiming to mail off in May. I am chipping away at them, sometimes only a few sentences at a time, but I am writing again.

And, well, there’s this post, too, so that’s something.

And I am slowly ramping the mileage back up. Don’t tell anyone, but I am eyeing Grandma’s Marathon in June.

These aren’t huge steps, and they certainly are not miraculous, but they’ll do for a start.

Henry David Thoreau, looking much more dapper than I imagine him during the days at Walden Pond. Title: [Henry David Thoreau, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly right] Date Created/Published: c1879. Library of Congress
Henry David Thoreau, looking much more dapper than I imagine him during the days at Walden Pond. Title: [Henry David Thoreau, head-and-shoulders portrait, facing slightly right]
Date Created/Published: c1879.
Library of Congress.
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HGWELLS

H G WELLS

* A Project Gutenberg Canada Ebook *

This ebook is made available at no cost and with very few restrictions. These restrictions apply only if (1) you make a change in the ebook (other than alteration for different display devices), or (2) you are making commercial use of the ebook. If either of these conditions applies, please check gutenberg.ca/links/licence.html before proceeding.

This work is in the Canadian public domain, but may be under copyright in some countries. If you live outside Canada, check your country’s copyright laws. If the book is under copyright in your country, do not download or redistribute this file.

Title: Experiment in Autobiography. Discoveries and Conclusions of a Very Ordinary Brain (Since 1866).
Author: Wells, Herbert George (1866-1946)
Date of first publication: 1934
Place and date of edition used as base for this ebook: Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1967
Date first posted: 27 May 2010
Date last updated: 27 May 2010
Project Gutenberg Canada ebook #539

This ebook was produced by: Chuck Greif & the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdpcanada.net

The illustrations may be viewed full-sized by clicking directly on them.
EXPERIMENT
IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Photo of H. G. WELLS H. G. WELLS
EXPERIMENT

IN

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

DISCOVERIES AND CONCLUSIONS
OF A VERY ORDINARY BRAIN
(SINCE 1866)

BY

H. G. WELLS

WITH DRAWINGS BY THE AUTHOR

[Page v]CONTENTS

Chapter the First
INTRODUCTORY
§ 1. Prelude (1932) page 1
§ 2. Persona and Personality 8
§ 3. Quality of the Brain and Body Concerned 13
Chapter the Second
ORIGINS
§ 1. 47 High Street, Bromley, Kent 21
§ 2. Sarah Neal (1822-1905) 25
§ 3. Up Park and Joseph Wells (1827-1910) 32
§ 4. Sarah Wells at Atlas House (1855-1880) 42
§ 5. A Broken Leg and Some Books and Pictures (1874) 53
Chapter the Third
SCHOOLBOY
§ 1. Mr. Morley’s Commercial Academy (1874-1880) 59
§ 2. Puerile View of the World (1878-79) 69
§ 3. Mrs. Wells, Housekeeper at Up Park (1880-1893) 80
§ 4. First Start in Life—Windsor (Summer 1880) 84
§ 5. Second Start in Life—Wookey (Winter 1880) 96
§ 6. Interlude at Up Park (1880-81) 101
§ 7. Third Start in Life—Midhurst (1881) 107
Chapter the Fourth[vi]
EARLY ADOLESCENCE
§ 1. Fourth Start in Life—Southsea (1881-1883) 113
§ 2. The Y.M.C.A., the Freethinker; a Preacher and the Reading Room 124
§ 3. Fifth Start in Life—Midhurst (1883-84) 135
§ 4. First Glimpses of Plato—and Henry George 140
§ 5. Question of Conscience 149
§ 6. Walks with My Father 153
Chapter the Fifth
SCIENCE STUDENT IN LONDON
§ 1. Professor Huxley and the Science of Biology (1884-85) 159
§ 2. Professor Guthrie and the Science of Physics (1885-86) 165
§ 3. Professor Judd and the Science of Geology (1886-87) 183
§ 4. Divagations of a Discontented Student (1884-1887) 188
§ 5. Socialism (without a Competent Receiver) and World Change 196
§ 6. Background of the Student’s Life (1884-1887) 217
§ 7. Heart’s Desire 229
Chapter the Sixth
STRUGGLE FOR A LIVING
§ 1. Sixth Start in Life or Thereabouts (1887) 237
§ 2. Blood in the Sputum (1887) 244
§ 3. Second Attack on London (1888) 255
§ 4. Henley House School (1889-90) 260
§ 5. The University Correspondence College (1890-1893) 274
§ 6. Collapse into Literary Journalism (1893-94) 290
§ 7. Exhibits in Evidence 311
Chapter the Seventh[vii]
DISSECTION
§ 1. Compound Fugue 347
§ 2. Primary Fixation 350
§ 3. Modus Vivendi 361
§ 4. Writings about Sex 392
§ 5. Digression about Novels 410
Chapter the Eighth
FAIRLY LAUNCHED AT LAST
§ 1. Duologue in Lodgings (1894-95) 425
§ 2. Lynton, Station Road, Woking (1895) 450
§ 3. Heatherlea, Worcester Park (1896-97) 471
§ 4. New Romney and Sandgate (1898) 494
§ 5. Edifying Encounters. Some Types of Persona and Temperamental Attitude (1897-1910) 509
§ 6. Building a House (1899-1900) 544
Chapter the Ninth
THE IDEA OF A PLANNED WORLD
§ 1. Anticipations (1900) and the “New Republic” 549
§ 2. The Samurai—in Utopia and in the Fabian Society (1905-1909) 560
§ 3. “Planning” in the Daily Mail (1912) 566
§ 4. The Great War and My Resort to “God” (1914-1916) 568
§ 5. War Experiences of an Outsider 578
§ 6. World State and League of Nations 592
§ 7. World Education 611
§ 8. World Revolution 625
§ 9. Cerebration at Large and Brains in Key Positions 643
§ 10. Envoy 703[viii]
INDEX
FOOTNOTES
ILLUSTRATIONS[ix]

Portrait of H. G. Wells frontispiece
page
Letter dated July 4th, 1880 90-92
Undated Letter c. 1883 133-34
Drawing illustrating Letter: July 5th, 1890 314
Drawing illustrating Letter: Sept. 21st, 1892 316
Drawing illustrating Letter: May 26th, 1893 321
Reproduction of Letter: late June or July, 1893 325
Drawing illustrating Letter: Dec. 5th, 1894 333
Drawing illustrating Letter: July, 1896 338-39
Picshua: Four Studies of “It” 366
Picshuas: Academic Robes, Reading Glasses, Literary Composition, Frieze Design 367
Picshua: A Satirical Picshua 369
Picshua: Salutary Lesson. Determined behaviour of a Lady Horticulturist 371
Reproduction of Fearful Pome 374-75
Picshua: Invasion of Table Space 377
Picshua: Tangerines 379
Picshua: Removal to Arnold House 381
Picshua: J. M. Barrie, etc. 382-83
Picshua: Waiting for the Verdik. Love and Mr. Lewisham 385
Picshua: Xmas 1894 448
Picshua: Cycling 459
Picshua: Engaging a Servant 460
Picshua: We cut our first Marrow 468
Picshua: Letter from Authors’ Syndicate 469
Picshua: November 1895 470
[x]Picshua: November 18th, 1896 472
Picshua: Letter from Fortnightly Review 473
Picshua: New Vagabonds Club 474
Picshua: Gardening. Publication of Invisible Man, September 8th, 1897 476
Picshua: October 1897 478
Picshua: February 1898 480
Picshua: July 29th, 1898 495
Picshua: October 5th, 1898 499
Picshua: October 8th, 1898. Reminiscences of August 1898 501
Picshua: October 8th, 1898. Reminiscences of New Romney in September 503
Picshua: October 8th, 1898. Bits the Cow Girl. House Hunting 505
Picshua: October 8th, 1898. Reminiscences of September 24th, 1898 507
Picshua: Royal Institution audience 543
Picshua: June 11th, 1901 545
Picshua: March 28th, 1901 547
Picshua: Title page of Democracy under Revision 639
EXPERIMENT
IN AUTOBIOGRAPHY
[1]

CHAPTER THE FIRST

INTRODUCTORY

§ 1

Prelude (1932)

I need freedom of mind. I want peace for work. I am distressed by immediate circumstances. My thoughts and work are encumbered by claims and vexations and I cannot see any hope of release from them; any hope of a period of serene and beneficent activity, before I am overtaken altogether by infirmity and death. I am in a phase of fatigue and of that discouragement which is a concomitant of fatigue, the petty things of to-morrow skirmish in my wakeful brain, and I find it difficult to assemble my forces to confront this problem which paralyses the proper use of myself.

I am putting even the pretence of other work aside in an attempt to deal with this situation. I am writing a report about it—to myself. I want to get these discontents clear because I have a feeling that as they become clear they will either cease from troubling me or become manageable and controllable.

There is nothing I think very exceptional in my situation as a mental worker. Entanglement is our common lot. I believe this craving for a release from—bothers, from daily demands and urgencies, from responsibilities and tempting distractions, is shared by an increasing number of people who, with specialized and distinctive work to do, find themselves eaten up by first-hand affairs. This is the outcome of a specialization and a sublimation of interests that has become frequent only in the last century or so. Spaciousness and leisure, and even the desire for spaciousness and leisure, have so far[2] been exceptional. Most individual creatures since life began, have been “up against it” all the time, have been driven continually by fear and cravings, have had to respond to the unresting antagonisms of their surroundings, and they have found a sufficient and sustaining interest in the drama of immediate events provided for them by these demands. Essentially, their living was continuous adjustment to happenings. Good hap and ill hap filled it entirely. They hungered and ate and they desired and loved; they were amused and attracted, they pursued or escaped, they were overtaken and they died.

But with the dawn of human foresight and with the appearance of a great surplus of energy in life such as the last century or so has revealed, there has been a progressive emancipation of the attention from everyday urgencies. What was once the whole of life, has become to an increasing extent, merely the background of life. People can ask now what would have been an extraordinary question five hundred years ago. They can say, “Yes, you earn a living, you support a family, you love and hate, but—what do you do?”

Conceptions of living, divorced more and more from immediacy, distinguish the modern civilized man from all former life. In art, in pure science, in literature, for instance, many people find sustaining series of interests and incentives which have come at last to have a greater value for them than any primary needs and satisfactions. These primary needs are taken for granted. The everyday things of life become subordinate to these wider interests which have taken hold of them, and they continue to value everyday things, personal affections and material profit and loss, only in so far as they are ancillary to the newer ruling system of effort, and to evade or disregard them in so far as they are antagonistic or obstructive to that. And the desire to live as fully as possible within the ruling system of effort becomes increasingly conscious and defined.

The originative intellectual worker is not a normal human being and does not lead nor desire to lead a normal human life. He wants to lead a supernormal life.

Mankind is realizing more and more surely that to escape from individual immediacies into the less personal activities now increasing[3] in human society is not, like games, reverie, intoxication or suicide, a suspension or abandonment of the primary life; on the contrary it is the way to power over that primary life which, though subordinated, remains intact. Essentially it is an imposition upon the primary life of a participation in the greater life of the race as a whole. In studies and studios and laboratories, administrative bureaus and exploring expeditions, a new world is germinated and develops. It is not a repudiation of the old but a vast extension of it, in a racial synthesis into which individual aims will ultimately be absorbed. We originative intellectual workers are reconditioning human life.

Now in this desire, becoming increasingly lucid and continuous for me as my life has gone on, in this desire to get the primaries of life under control and to concentrate the largest possible proportion of my energy upon the particular system of effort that has established itself for me as my distinctive business in the world, I find the clue to the general conduct not only of my own life and the key not only to my present perplexities, but a clue to the difficulties of most scientific, philosophical, artistic, creative, preoccupied men and women. We are like early amphibians, so to speak, struggling out of the waters that have hitherto covered our kind, into the air, seeking to breathe in a new fashion and emancipate ourselves from long accepted and long unquestioned necessities. At last it becomes for us a case of air or nothing. But the new land has not yet definitively emerged from the waters and we swim distressfully in an element we wish to abandon.

I do not now in the least desire to live longer unless I can go on with what I consider to be my proper business. That is not to say that the stuff of everyday life has not been endlessly interesting, exciting and delightful for me in my time: clash of personalities, music and beauty, eating and drinking, travel and meetings, new lands and strange spectacles, the work for successes, much aimless play, much laughter, the getting well again after illness, the pleasures, the very real pleasures, of vanity. Let me not be ungrateful to life for its fundamental substances. But I have had a full share of all these[4] things and I do not want to remain alive simply for more of them. I want the whole stream of this daily life stuff to flow on for me—for a long time yet—if, what I call my work can still be, can be more than ever the emergent meaning of the stream. But only on that condition. And that is where I am troubled now. I find myself less able to get on with my work than ever before. Perhaps the years have something to do with that, and it may be that a progressive broadening and deepening of my conception of what my work should be, makes it less easy than it was; but the main cause is certainly the invasion of my time and thought by matters that are either quite secondary to my real business or have no justifiable connection with it. Subordinate and everyday things, it seems to me in this present mood, surround me in an ever-growing jungle. My hours are choked with them; my thoughts are tattered by them. All my life I have been pushing aside intrusive tendrils, shirking discursive consequences, bilking unhelpful obligations, but I am more aware of them now and less hopeful about them than I have ever been. I have a sense of crisis; that the time has come to reorganize my peace, if the ten or fifteen years ahead, which at the utmost I may hope to work in now, are to be saved from being altogether overgrown.

I will explain later what I think my particular business to be. But for it, if it is to be properly done, I require a pleasant well-lit writing room in good air and a comfortable bedroom to sleep in—and, if the mood takes me, to write in—both free from distracting noises and indeed all unexpected disturbances. There should be a secretary or at least a typist within call and out of earshot, and, within reach, an abundant library and the rest of the world all hung accessibly on to that secretary’s telephone. (But it would have to be a one-way telephone, so that when we wanted news we could ask for it, and when we were not in a state to receive and digest news, we should not have it forced upon us.) That would be the central cell of my life. That would give the immediate material conditions for the best work possible. I think I would like that the beautiful scenery outside the big windows should be changed ever and again, but I recognize[5] the difficulties in the way of that. In the background there would have to be, at need, food, exercise and stimulating, agreeable and various conversation, and, pervading all my consciousness, there should be a sense of security and attention, an assurance that what was produced, when I had done my best upon it, would be properly significant and effective. In such circumstances I feel I could still do much in these years before me, without hurry and without waste. I can see a correlated scheme of work I could do that would, I feel, be enormously worth while, and the essence of my trouble is that the clock ticks on, the moments drip out and trickle, flow away as hours, as days, and I cannot adjust my life to secure any such fruitful peace.

It scarcely needs criticism to bring home to me that much of my work has been slovenly, haggard and irritated, most of it hurried and inadequately revised, and some of it as white and pasty in its texture as a starch-fed nun. I am tormented by a desire for achievement that overruns my capacity and by a practical incapacity to bring about for myself the conditions under which fine achievement is possible. I pay out what I feel to be a disproportionate amount of my time and attention in clumsy attempts to save the rest of it for the work in hand. I seem now in this present mood, to be saving only tattered bits of time, and even in these scraps of salvage my mind is often jaded and preoccupied.

It is not that I am poor and unable to buy the things I want, but that I am quite unable to get the things I want. I can neither control my surroundings myself nor can I find helpers and allies who will protect me from the urgencies—from within and from without—of primary things. I do not see how there can be such helpers. For to protect me completely they would have, I suppose, to span my intelligence and possibilities, and if they could do that they would be better employed in doing my work directly and eliminating me altogether.

This feeling of being intolerably hampered by irrelevant necessities, this powerful desire for disentanglement is, I have already said, the common experience of the men and women who write, paint, conduct research and assist in a score of other ways, in preparing that[6] new world, that greater human life, which all art, science and literature have foreshadowed. My old elaborate-minded friend, Henry James the novelist, for example, felt exactly this thing. Some elements in his character obliged him to lead an abundant social life, and as a result he was so involved in engagements, acknowledgments, considerations, compliments, reciprocities, small kindnesses, generosities, graceful gestures and significant acts, all of which he felt compelled to do with great care and amplitude, that at times he found existence more troubled and pressing than many a sweated toiler. His craving for escape found expression in a dream of a home of rest, The Great Good Place, where everything that is done was done for good, and the fagged mind was once more active and free. The same craving for flight in a less Grandisonian and altogether more tragic key, drove out the dying Tolstoy in that headlong flight from home which ended his life.

This fugitive impulse is an inevitable factor in the lives of us all, great or small, who have been drawn into these activities, these super-activities which create and which are neither simply gainful, nor a response to material or moral imperatives, nor simply and directly the procuring of primary satisfactions. Our lives are threaded with this same, often quite desperate effort to disentangle ourselves, to get into a Great Good Place of our own, and work freely.

None of us really get there, perhaps there is no there anywhere to get to, but we get some way towards it. We never do the work that we imagine to be in us, we never realize the secret splendour of our intentions, yet nevertheless some of us get something done that seems almost worth the effort. Some of us, and it may be as good a way as any, let everything else slide, live in garrets and hovels, borrow money unscrupulously, live on women (or, if they are women, live on men), exploit patronage, accept pensions. But even the careless life will not stay careless. It has its own frustrations and chagrins.

Others make the sort of effort I have made, and give a part of their available energy to save the rest. They fight for their conditions[7] and have a care for the things about them. That is the shape of my story. I have built two houses and practically rebuilt a third to make that Great Good Place to work in, I have shifted from town to country and from country to town, from England to abroad and from friend to friend, I have preyed upon people more generous than myself who loved me and gave life to me. In return, because of my essential preoccupation, I have never given any person nor place a simple disinterested love. It was not in me. I have loved acutely, but that is another matter. I have attended spasmodically to business and money-making. And here I am at sixty-five (Spring 1932), still asking for peace that I may work some more, that I may do that major task that will atone for all the shortcomings of what I have done in the past.

Imperfection and incompleteness are the certain lot of all creative workers. We all compromise. We all fall short. The life story to be told of any creative worker is therefore by its very nature, by its diversions of purpose and its qualified success, by its grotesque transitions from sublimation to base necessity and its pervasive stress towards flight, a comedy. The story can never be altogether pitiful because of the dignity of the work; it can never be altogether dignified because of its inevitable concessions. It must be serious, but not solemn, and since there is no controversy in view and no judgment of any significance to be passed upon it, there is no occasion for apologetics. In this spirit I shall try to set down the story of my own life and work, up to and including its present perplexities.

I write down my story and state my present problem, I repeat, to clear and relieve my mind. The story has no plot and the problem will never be solved. I do not think that in the present phase of human affairs there is any possible Great Good Place, any sure and abiding home for any creative worker. In diverse forms and spirits we are making over the world, so that the primary desires and emotions, the drama of the immediate individual life will be subordinate more and more, generation by generation, to beauty and truth, to universal interests and mightier aims.

That is our common rôle. We are therefore, now and for the next[8] few hundred years at least, strangers and invaders of the life of every day. We are all essentially lonely. In our nerves, in our bones. We are too preoccupied and too experimental to give ourselves freely and honestly to other people, and in the end other people fail to give themselves fully to us. We are too different among ourselves to get together in any enduring fashion. It is good for others as for myself to find, however belatedly, that there is no fixed home to be found, and no permanent relationships. I see now, what I merely suspected when I began to write this section, that my perplexities belong to the mood of a wayside pause, to the fatigue of a belated tramp on a road where there is no rest-house before the goal.

That dignified peace, that phase of work perfected in serenity, of close companionship in thought, of tactfully changing scenery and stabilized instability ahead, is just a helpful dream that kept me going along some of the more exacting stretches of the course, a useful but essentially an impossible dream. So I sit down now by the reader, so to speak, and yarn a bit about my difficulties and blunders, about preposterous hopes and unexpected lessons, about my luck and the fun of the road, and then, a little refreshed and set-up, a little more sprightly for the talk, I will presently shoulder the old bundle again, go on, along the noisy jostling road, with its irritations and quarrels and distractions, with no delusion that there is any such dreamland work palace ahead, or any perfection of accomplishment possible for me, before I have to dump the whole load, for whatever it is worth, myself and my load together, on the scales of the receiver at journey’s end. Perhaps it is as well that I shall never know what the scales tell, or indeed whether they have anything to tell, or whether there will be any scales by which to tell, of the load that has been my life.

§ 2

Persona and Personality

The preceding section was drafted one wakeful night, somewhen between two and five in the early morning a year or more ago; it[9] was written in perfect good faith, and a criticism and continuation of it may very well serve as the opening movement in this autobiographical effort. For that section reveals, artlessly and plainly what Jung would call my persona.

A persona, as Jung uses the word, is the private conception a man has of himself, his idea of what he wants to be and of how he wants other people to take him. It provides therefore, the standard by which he judges what he may do, what he ought to do and what is imperative upon him. Everyone has a persona. Self conduct and self explanation is impossible without one.

A persona may be very stable or it may fluctuate extremely. It may be resolutely honest or it may draw some or all of its elements from the realms of reverie. It may exist with variations in the same mind. We may have single or multiple personas and in the latter case we are charged with inconsistencies and puzzle ourselves and our friends. Our personas grow and change and age as we do. And rarely if ever are they the whole even of our conscious mental being. All sorts of complexes are imperfectly incorporated or not incorporated at all, and may run away with us in the most unexpected manner.

So that this presentation of a preoccupied mind devoted to an exalted and spacious task and seeking a maximum of detachment from the cares of this world and from baser needs and urgencies that distract it from that task, is not even the beginning of a statement of what I am, but only of what I most like to think I am. It is the plan to which I work, by which I prefer to work, and by which ultimately I want to judge my performance. But quite a lot of other things have happened to me, quite a lot of other stuff goes with me and it is not for the reader to accept this purely personal criterion.

A persona may be fundamentally false, as is that of many a maniac. It may be a structure of mere compensatory delusions, as is the case with many vain people. But it does not follow that if it is selected by a man out of his moods and motives, it is necessarily a work of self deception. A man who tries to behave as he conceives[10] he should behave, may be satisfactorily honest in restraining, ignoring and disavowing many of his innate motives and dispositions. The mask, the persona, of the Happy Hypocrite became at last his true faces.

It is just as true that all men are imperfect saints and heroes as it is that all men are liars. There is, I maintain, a sufficient justification among my thoughts and acts from quite early years, for that pose of the disinterested thinker and worker, working for a racial rather than a personal achievement. But the distractions, attacks and frustrations that set him scribbling distressfully in the night, come as much from within as without; the antagonisms and temptations could do nothing to him, were it not for that within him upon which they can take hold. Directly I turn from the easier task of posing in an Apology for my life, to the more difficult work of frank autobiography, I have to bring in all the tangled motives out of which my persona has emerged; the elaborate sexual complexities, the complexes of ambition and rivalry, the hesitation and fear in my nature, for example; and in the interests of an impartial diagnosis I have to set aside the appeal for a favourable verdict.

A biography should be a dissection and demonstration of how a particular human being was made and worked; the directive persona system is of leading importance only when it is sufficiently consistent and developed to be the ruling theme of the story. But this is the case with my life. From quite an early age I have been predisposed towards one particular sort of work and one particular system of interests. I have found the attempt to disentangle the possible drift of life in general and of human life in particular from the confused stream of events, and the means of controlling that drift, if such are to be found, more important and interesting by far than anything else. I have had, I believe, an aptitude for it. The study and expression of tendency, has been for me what music is for the musician, or the advancement of his special knowledge is to the scientific investigator. My persona may be an exaggeration of one aspect of my being, but I believe that it is a ruling aspect. It may be a magnification[11] but it is not a fantasy. A voluminous mass of work accomplished attests its reality.

The value of that work is another question. A bad musician may be none the less passionately a musician. Because I have spent a large part of my life’s energy in a drive to make a practically applicable science out of history and sociology, it does not follow that contemporary historians, economists and politicians are not entirely just in their disregard of my effort. They will not adopt my results; they will only respond to fragments of them. But the fact remains that I have made that effort, that it has given me a considerable ill-defined prestige, and that it is the only thing that makes me conspicuous beyond the average lot and gives my life with such complications and entanglements as have occurred in it, an interest that has already provoked biography and may possibly provoke more, and so renders unavoidable the thought of a defensive publication, at some future date, of this essay in autobiographical self-examination. The conception of a worker concentrated on the perfection and completion of a work is its primary idea. Either the toad which is struggling to express itself here, has engendered a jewel in its head or it is nothing worth troubling about in the way of toads.

This work, this jewel in my head for which I take myself seriously enough to be self-scrutinizing and autobiographical, is, it seems to me, a crystallization of ideas. A variety of biological and historical suggestions and generalizations, which, when lying confusedly in the human mind, were cloudy and opaque, have been brought into closer and more exact relations; the once amorphous mixture has fallen into a lucid arrangement and through this new crystalline clearness, a plainer vision of human possibilities and the conditions of their attainment, appears. I have made the broad lines and conditions of the human outlook distinct and unmistakable for myself and for others. I have shown that human life as we know it, is only the dispersed raw material for human life as it might be. There is a hitherto undreamt-of fullness, freedom and happiness within reach of our species. Mankind can pull itself together and take that now.[12] But if mankind fails to apprehend its opportunity, then division, cruelties, delusions and ultimate frustration lie before our kind. The decision to perish or escape has to be made within a very limited time. For escape, vast changes in the educational, economic and directive structure of human society are necessary. They are definable. They are practicable. But they demand courage and integrity. They demand a force and concentration of will and a power of adaptation in habits and usages which may or may not be within the compass of mankind. This is the exciting and moving prospect displayed by the crystal I have brought out of solution.

I do not set up to be the only toad in the world that has this crystallization. I do not find so much difference between my mind and others, that I can suppose that I alone have got this vision clear. What I think, numbers must be thinking. They have similar minds with similar material, and it is by mere chance and opportunity that I have been among the first to give expression to this realization of a guiding framework for life. But I have been among the first. Essentially, then, a main thread in weaving my autobiography must be the story of how I came upon, and amidst what accidents I doubted, questioned and rebelled against, accepted interpretations of life; and so went on to find the pattern of the key to master our world and release its imprisoned promise. I believe I am among those who have found what key is needed. We, I and those similar others, have set down now all the specifications for a working key to the greater human life. By an incessant toil of study, propaganda, education and creative suggestion, by sacrifice where it is necessary and much fearless conflict, by a bold handling of stupidity, obstruction and perversity, we may yet cut out and file and polish and insert and turn that key to the creative world community before it is too late. That kingdom of heaven is materially within our reach.

My story therefore will be at once a very personal one and it will be a history of my sort and my time. An autobiography is the story of the contacts of a mind and a world. The story will begin in perplexity and go on to a troubled and unsystematic awakening. It will culminate in the attainment of a clear sense of purpose, conviction[13] that the coming great world of order, is real and sure; but, so far as my individual life goes, with time running out and a thousand entanglements delaying realization. For me maybe—but surely not for us. For us, the undying us of our thought and experience, that great to-morrow is certain.

So this autobiography plans itself as the crystallization of a system of creative realizations in one particular mind—with various incidental, good, interesting or curious personal things that happened by the way.

§ 3

Quality of the Brain and Body Concerned

The brain upon which my experiences have been written is not a particularly good one. If there were brain-shows, as there are cat and dog shows, I doubt if it would get even a third class prize. Upon quite a number of points it would be marked below the average. In a little private school in a small town on the outskirts of London it seemed good enough, and that gave me a helpful conceit about it in early struggles where confidence was half the battle. It was a precocious brain, so that I was classified with boys older than myself right up to the end of a brief school career which closed before I was fourteen. But compared with the run of the brains I meet nowadays, it seems a poorish instrument. I won’t even compare it with such cerebra as the full and subtly simple brain of Einstein, the wary, quick and flexible one of Lloyd George, the abundant and rich grey matter of G. B. Shaw, Julian Huxley’s store of knowledge or my own eldest son’s fine and precise instrument. But in relation to everyday people with no claim to mental distinction I still find it at a disadvantage. The names of places and people, numbers, quantities and dates for instance, are easily lost or get a little distorted. It snatches at them and often lets them slip again. I cannot do any but the simplest sums in my head and when I used to play bridge, I found my memory of the consecutive tricks and my reasoning about[14] the playing of the cards, inferior to nine out of ten of the people I played with. I lose at chess to almost anyone and though I have played a spread-out patience called Miss Milligan for the past fifteen years, I have never acquired a sufficient sense of the patterns of 104 cards to make it anything more than a game of chance and feeling. Although I have learnt and relearnt French since my school days and have lived a large part of each year for the past eight years in France, I have never acquired a flexible diction or a good accent and I cannot follow French people when they are talking briskly—and they always talk briskly. Such other languages as Spanish, Italian and German I have picked up from a grammar or a conversation book sufficiently to serve the purposes of travel; only to lose even that much as soon as I ceased to use them. London is my own particular city; all my life I have been going about in it and yet the certitude of the taxicab driver is a perpetual amazement to me. If I wanted to walk from Hoxton to Chelsea without asking my way, I should have to sit down to puzzle over a map for some time. All this indicates a loose rather inferior mental texture, inexact reception, bad storage and uncertain accessibility.

I do not think my brain has begun to age particularly yet. It can pick up new tricks, though it drops them very readily again, more readily perhaps than it used to do. I learnt sufficient Spanish in the odd moments of three months to get along in Spain two years ago without much trouble. I think my brain has always been very much as it is now, except perhaps for a certain slowing down.

And I believe that its defects are mainly innate. It was not a good brain to begin with, although certain physical defects of mine and bad early training, may have increased faults that might have been corrected by an observant teacher. The atmosphere of my home and early upbringing was not a highly educative atmosphere; words were used inexactly, and mispronounced, and so a certain timidity of utterance and a disposition to mumble and avoid doubtful or difficult words and phrases, may have worked back into my mental texture. My eyes have different focal lengths and nobody discovered this until I was over thirty. Columns of figures and lines of print are[15] as a result apt to get a little dislocated and this made me bad at arithmetic and blurred my impression of the form of words. It was only about the age of thirteen, when I got away with algebra, Euclid’s elements and, a little later, the elements of trigonometry, that I realized I was not a hopeless duffer at mathematics. But here comes an item on the credit side; I found Euclid easy reading and solved the simple “riders” in my text book with a facility my schoolmaster found exemplary. I also became conceited about my capacity for “problems” in algebra. And by eleven or twelve, in some way I cannot trace, I had taken to drawing rather vigorously and freshly. My elder brother could not draw at all but my other brother draws exactly and delicately, if not quite so spontaneously and expressively as I do. I know practically nothing of brain structure and physiology, but it seems probable to me that this relative readiness to grasp form and relation, indicates that the general shape and arrangement of my brain is better than the quality of its cells, fibres and blood-vessels. I have a quick sense of form and proportion; I have a brain good for outlines. Most of my story will carry out that suggestion.

A thing that has I think more to do with my general build than with my brain structure is that my brain works best in short spells and is easily fatigued. My head is small—I can cheer up nearly every one of my friends by just changing hats; the borrowed brim comes down upon my ears and spreads them wide—my heart has an irregular beat and I suspect that my carotid arteries do not branch so freely and generously into my grey matter as they might do. I do not know whether it would be of any service after I am dead to prepare sections of my brain to ascertain that. I have made an autopsy possible by my will, but my son Gip tells me that all that tissue will have decayed long before a post mortem is possible. “Unless,” he added helpfully, “you could commit suicide in a good hardening solution.” But that would be difficult to arrange. There may perhaps be considerable differences in mental character due to a larger or smaller lumen of the arteries, to a rapid or sluggish venous drainage, to variations in interstitial tissue, which affect the response and interaction of the nerve cells. At any rate there is and always has[16] been far too ready a disposition in my brain to fag and fade for my taste.

It can fade out generally or locally in a very disconcerting manner. Aphasia is frequent with me. At an examination for a teaching diploma which involved answering twenty or thirty little papers in the course of four days I found myself on the last day face to face with a paper, happily not of vital importance, of which the questions were entirely familiar and entirely unmeaning. There was nothing to be done but go out. On another occasion I undertook to give an afternoon lecture to the Royal Institution. I knew my subject fairly well, so well that I had not written it down. I was not particularly afraid of my audience. I talked for a third of my allotted time—and came to a blank. After an awkward silence I had to say; “I am sorry. That is all I have prepared to-day.”

Psycho-analysts have a disposition to explain the forgetting of names and the dissociation of faces, voices and so forth from their proper context as a sub-conscious suppression due to some obscure dislike. If so I must dislike a vast multitude of people. But why should psycho-analysts assume a perfect brain mechanism and recognize only psychic causes? I believe a physical explanation will cover a number of these cases and that a drop in the conductivity of the associated links due to diminished oxygenation or some slight variation in the blood plasma is much more generally the temporarily effacing agent.

I was interested the other night, in a supper-room in Vienna, by a little intimation of the poor quality of my memory. There came in a party of people who sat at another table. One of them was a German young lady who reminded me very strikingly of the daughter of an acquaintance I had made in Spain. He had introduced himself and his family to me because he was the surviving brother of an old friend and editor of mine, Harry Cust, and he had heard all sorts of things about me. “That girl,” I said, “is the very image of——” The name would not come. “She is the daughter of Lord [17]B——.” I got as far as the “B” and stuck. I tried again; “Her name is—— Cust,” I protested, “But I have known her by her Christian name, talked to her, talked about her, liked and admired her, visited her father’s home at——.” Again an absolute blank. I became bad company. I could talk of nothing else. I retired inside my brain and routed about in it, trying to recover those once quite familiar names. I could recall all sorts of incidents while I was in the same hotel with these people at Ronda and Granada and while I stayed at that house, a very beautiful English house in the midlands, I could produce a rough sketch of the garden and I remembered addressing a party of girl scouts from the front door and even what I said to them. I had met and talked with Lady B and on another occasion met her son within the past year. But that evening the verbal labels seemed lost beyond recovery. I tried over all the peers I had ever heard of whose names began with “B.” I tried over every conceivable feminine Christian name. I took a gloomy view of my mental state.

Next morning, while I was still in bed, the missing labels all came back, except one. The name of the house had gone; it is still missing. Presently if it refuses to come home of its own accord I shall look it up in some book of reference. And yet I am sure that somewhere in the thickets of my brain it is hiding from me now. I tell this anecdote for the sake of its complete pointlessness. The psychological explanation of such forgetfulness is a disinclination to remember. But what conflict of hostilities, frustrations, restrained desires and so forth, is here? None at all. It is merely that the links are feeble and the printing of the impressions bad. It is a case of second-rate brain fabric. And rather overgrown and pressed upon at that. If my mental paths are not frequently traversed and refreshed they are obstructed.

Now defects in the brain texture must affect its moral quite as much as its intellectual character. It is essentially the same apparatus at work in either case. If the links of association that reassemble a memory can be temporarily effaced, so can the links that bring a sense of obligation to bear upon a motive. Adding a column of figures wrongly and judging incorrectly a situation in which one has to act are quite comparable brain processes. So in my own behaviour just as in my apprehension of things the outline is better than the[18] detail. The more closely I scrutinize my reactions, the more I find detailed inconsistencies, changes of front and goings to and fro. The more I stand off from the immediate thing and regard my behaviour as a whole the more it holds together. As I have gathered experience of life, I have become increasingly impressed by the injustice we do ourselves and others by not allowing for these local and temporary faintings and fadings of our brains in our judgment of conduct.

Our relations with other human beings are more full and intricate the nearer they are to us and the more important they are in our lives. So, however we may be able to pigeonhole and note this or that casual acquaintance for treatment of a particular sort, when we come to our intimates we find ourselves behaving according to immensely various and complex systems of association, which in the case of such brains as mine anyhow, are never uniformly active, which are subject to just the same partial and irrational dissociations and variations as are my memories of names and numbers. I can have a great tenderness or resentment for someone and it may become as absent from my present thought as that title or the name of that country house I could not remember in Vienna. I may have a sense of obligation and it will vanish as completely. Facts will appear in my mind quite clear in their form and sequence and yet completely shorn of some moving emotional quality I know they once possessed. And then a day or so after it will all come back to me.

Everyone, of course, is more or less like this, but I am of the kind, I think, which is more so.

On the other hand, though my brain organization is so poor that connexions are thus intermittently weakened and effaced and groups of living associations removed out of reach, I do not find in this cerebrum of mine any trace of another type of weakness which I should imagine must be closely akin to such local failure to function, namely those actual replacements of one system of associations by another, which cause what is called double personalities. In the classical instances of double personality psychologists tell of whole[19] distinct networks of memory and impulse, co-existing side by side in the same brain yet functioning independently, which are alternative and often quite contradictory one to the other. When one system is in action; the other is more or less inaccessible and vice versa. I have met and lived in close contact with one or two individuals of this alternating type; it is, I think, more common among women than among men; I have had occasion to watch these changes of phase, and I do not find that in my own brain stuff there are any such regional or textural substitutions. There are effacements but not replacements. My brain may be very much alive or it may be flat and faded out or simply stupefied by sleepiness or apathy; it may be exalted by some fever in the blood, warmed and confused by alcohol, energized, angered or sexually excited by the subtle messages and stimuli my blood brings it; but my belief is that I remain always very much the same personality through it all. I do not think I delude myself about this. My brain I believe is consistent. Such as it is, it holds together. It is like a centralized country with all its government in one capital, even though that government is sometimes negligent, feeble or inert.

One other thing I have to note about this brain of mine and that is—how can I phrase it?—an exceptional want of excitable “Go.” I suspect that is due not, as my forgetfulnesses and inconsistencies may be, to local insufficiencies and failures in the circulation, but to some general under-stimulation. My perceptions do not seem to be so thorough, vivid and compelling as those of many people I meet and it is rare that my impressions of things glow. There is a faint element of inattention in all I do; it is as if white was mixed into all the pigments of my life. I am rarely vivid to myself. I am just a little slack, not wholly and continuously interested, prone to be indolent and cold-hearted. I am readily bored. When I try to make up for this I am inevitably a little “forced” when dealing with things, and a little “false” and “charming” with people. You will find this coming out when I tell of my failure as a draper’s assistant and of my relations to my intimate friends. You will discover a great deal of evasion and refusal in my story.[20]

Nature has a way of turning even biological defects into advantages and I am not sure how far what may be called my success in life has not been due to this undertow of indifference. I have not been easily carried away by immediate things and made to forget the general in the particular. There is a sort of journalistic legend that I am a person of boundless enthusiasm and energy. Nothing could be further from the reality. For all my desire to be interested I have to confess that for most things and people I don’t care a damn. Writing numbers of books and articles is evidence not of energy but of sedentary habits. People with a real quantitative excess of energy and enthusiasm become Mussolinis, Hitlers, Stalins, Gladstones, Beaverbrooks, Northcliffes, Napoleons. It takes generations to clean up after them. But what I shall leave behind me will not need cleaning up. Just because of that constitutional apathy it will be characteristically free from individual Woosh and it will be available and it will go on for as long as it is needed.

And now, having conveyed to you some idea of the quality and defects of the grey matter of that organized mass of phosphorized fat and connective tissue which is, so to speak, the hero of the piece, and having displayed the persona or, if you will, the vanity which now dominates its imaginations, I will try to tell how in this particular receiving apparatus the picture of its universe was built up, what it did and failed to do with the body it controlled and what the thronging impressions and reactions that constituted its life amount to.[21]

CHAPTER THE SECOND

ORIGINS

§ 1

47 High Street, Bromley, Kent

This brain of mine came into existence and began to acquire reflexes and register impressions in a needy shabby home in a little town called Bromley in Kent, which has since become a suburb of London. My consciousness of myself grew by such imperceptible degrees, and for a time each successive impression incorporated what had preceded it so completely, that I have no recollection of any beginning at all. I have a miscellany of early memories, but they are not arranged in any time order. I will do my best however, to recall the conditions amidst which my childish head got its elementary lessons in living. They seem to me now quite dreadful conditions, but at the time it was the only conceivable world.

It was then the flaxen head of a podgy little boy with a snub nose and a long infantile upper lip, and along the top his flaxen hair was curled in a longitudinal curl which was finally abolished at his own urgent request. Early photographs record short white socks, bare arms and legs, a petticoat, ribbon bows on the shoulders, and a scowl. That must have been gala costume. I do not remember exactly what everyday clothes I wore until I was getting to be a fairly big boy. I seem to recall a sort of holland pinafore for everyday use very like what small boys still wear in France, except that it was brown instead of black holland.

The house in which this little boy ran about, clattering up and down the uncarpeted stairs, bawling—family tradition insists on the[22] bawling—and investigating existence, deserves description, not only from the biographical, but from the sociological point of view. It was one of a row of badly built houses upon a narrow section of the High Street. In front upon the ground floor was the shop, filled with crockery, china and glassware and, a special line of goods, cricket bats, balls, stumps, nets and other cricket material. Behind the shop was an extremely small room, the “parlour,” with a fireplace, a borrowed light and glass-door upon the shop and a larger window upon the yard behind. A murderously narrow staircase with a twist in it led downstairs to a completely subterranean kitchen, lit by a window which derived its light from a grating on the street level, and a bricked scullery, which, since the house was poised on a bank, opened into the yard at the ground level below. In the scullery was a small fireplace, a copper boiler for washing, a provision cupboard, a bread pan, a beer cask, a pump delivering water from a well into a stone sink, and space for coal, our only space for coal, beneath the wooden stairs. This “coal cellar” held about a ton of coal, and when the supply was renewed it had to be carried in sacks through the shop and “parlour” and down the staircase by men who were apt to be uncivil about the inconveniences of the task and still more apt to drop small particles of coal along the route.

The yard was perhaps thirty by forty feet square. In it was a brick erection, the “closet,” an earth jakes over a cesspool, within perhaps twenty feet of the well and the pump; and above this closet was a rain-water tank. Behind it was the brick dustbin (cleared at rare intervals via the shop), a fairly open and spacious receptacle. In this a small boy could find among the ashes such objects of interest as egg-shells, useful tins and boxes. The ashes could be rearranged to suggest mountain scenery. There was a boundary wall, separating us from the much larger yard and sheds of Mr. Covell the butcher, in which pigs, sheep and horned cattle were harboured violently, and protested plaintively through the night before they were slaughtered. Some were recalcitrant and had to be treated accordingly; there was an element of Rodeo about Covell’s yard. Beyond it was Bromley Church and its old graveyard, full then of healthy trees, ruinous[23] tombs and headstones askew—in which I had an elder sister buried.

Our yard was half bricked and half bare earth, and an open cement gutter brought the waste waters of the sink to a soak-away in the middle of the space. Thence, no doubt, soap-suds and cabbage water, seeped away to mingle with the graver accumulations of the “closet” and the waters of the well from which the pump drew our supply. Between the scullery and the neighbour’s wall was a narrow passage covered over, and in this my father piled the red earthenware jars and pans, the jam-pots and so forth, which bulk so large in the stock of a crockery dealer.

I “played” a lot in this yard and learnt its every detail, because there was no other open air space within easy reach of a very small boy to play in. Its effect of smallness was enhanced by the erections in the neighbours’ yards on either side. On one hand was the yard of Mr. Munday, the haberdasher, who had put up a greenhouse and cultivated mushrooms, to nourish which his boys collected horse-droppings from the High Street in a small wooden truck; and on the other, Mr. Cooper, the tailor, had built out a workroom in which two or three tailors sat and sewed. It was always a matter of uneasiness to my mother whether these men could or could not squint round and see the necessary comings and goings of pots and pans and persons to the closet. The unbricked part of our yard had a small flower-bed in which my father had planted a bush of Wigelia. It flowered reluctantly, and most things grew reluctantly in that bed. A fact, still vividly clear in my mind across an interval of sixty years, is that it was the only patch of turned up earth accessible to the cats of Mr. Munday, Mr. Cooper and our own ménage. But my father was a gardener of some resolution and, against the back of the house rooting in a hole in the brickwork, he had persuaded a grape vine not only to grow but to flourish. When I was ten, he fell from a combination of short ladder, table and kitchen steps on which he had mounted to prune the less accessible shoots of this vine, and sustained a compound fracture of the leg. But of that very important event I will tell a little later.

I dwell rather upon the particulars about this yard, because it was a[24] large part of my little world in those days. I lived mostly in it and in the scullery and underground kitchen. We were much too poor to have a servant, and it was more than my mother could do to keep fires going upstairs (let alone the price of coal). Above the ground floor and reached by an equally tortuous staircase—I have seen my father reduced to a blind ecstasy of rage in an attempt to get a small sofa up it—were a back bedroom occupied by my mother and a front room occupied by my father (this separation was, I think, their form of birth control), and above this again was a room, the boys’ bedroom (there were three of us) and a back attic filled with dusty crockery stock. But there was stock everywhere; pots and pans invaded the kitchen, under the dresser and under the ironing board; bats and stumps crept into the “parlour.” The furniture of this home had all been acquired second-hand at sales; furniture shops that catered for democracy had still to appear in the middle nineteenth century; an aristocratic but battered bookcase despised a sofa from some housekeeper’s room; there was a perky little chiffonier in the parlour; the chairs were massive but moody; the wooden bedsteads had exhausted feather mattresses and grey sheets—for there had to be economy over the washing bills—and there was not a scrap of faded carpet or worn oil-cloth in the house that had not lived a full life of usefulness before it came into our household. Everything was frayed, discoloured and patched. But we had no end of oil lamps because they came out of (and went back into) stock. (My father also dealt in lamp-wicks, oil and paraffin.)

We lived, as I have said, mostly downstairs and underground, more particularly in the winter. We went upstairs to bed. About upstairs I have to add a further particular. The house was infested with bugs. They harboured in the wooden bedsteads and lurked between the layers of wallpaper that peeled from the walls. Slain they avenge themselves by a peculiar penetrating disagreeable smell. That mingles in my early recollections with the more pervasive odour of paraffin, with which my father carried on an inconclusive war against them. Almost every part of my home had its own distinctive smell.

This was the material setting in which my life began. Let me tell[25] now something of my father and mother, what manner of people they were, and how they got themselves into this queer home from which my two brothers and I were launched into what Sir James Jeans has very properly called, this Mysterious Universe, to make what we could of it.

§ 2

Sarah Neal (1822-1905)

My mother was a little blue-eyed, pink-cheeked woman with a large serious innocent face. She was born on October 10th, 1822, in the days when King George IV was King, and three years before the opening of the first steam railway. It was still an age of horse and foot transit, sailing ships and undiscovered lands. She was the daughter of a Midhurst innkeeper and his frequently invalid wife. His name was George Neal (born 1797) and he was probably of remote Irish origin; his wife’s maiden name was Sarah Benham, which sounds good English. She was born in 1796. Midhurst was a little old sunny rag-stone built town on the road from London to Chichester, and my grandfather stabled the relay of horses for the stage coach as his father had done before him. An uncle of his drove a coach, and one winter’s night in a snowstorm, being alone without passengers and having sustained himself excessively against the cold and solitude of the drive, he took the wrong turning at the entrance to the town, went straight over the wharf into the pool at the head of the old canal, and was handsomely drowned together with his horses. It was a characteristic of my mother’s family to be easily lit and confused by alcohol, but never subdued to inaction by it. And when my grandfather died he had mortgaged his small property and was very much in debt, so that there was practically nothing for my mother and her younger brother John, who survived him.

The facts still traceable about my grandfather’s circumstances are now very fragmentary. I have a few notes my elder brother made from my mother’s recollections, and I have various wills and marriage[26] and birth certificates and a diary kept by my mother. George Neal kept the Fountains Inn at Chichester I think, before he kept the New Inn at Chichester; the New Inn he had from 1840 to his death in 1853. He married Sarah Benham on October 30th, 1817. Two infant boys died, and then my mother was born in 1822. After a long interval my uncle John was born in 1836, and a girl Elizabeth in 1838. It is evident my grandmother had very indifferent health, but she was still pretty and winning, says my mother’s diary, at the age of fifty-three, and her hands were small and fine. Except for that one entry, there is nothing much now to be learnt about her. I suppose that when she was well she did her best, after the fashion of the time, to teach her daughter the elements of religion, knowledge and the domestic arts. I possess quite a brave sampler worked by my mother when she was in her eighth year. It says, amidst some decorative stitching:

“Opportunity lost can never be recalled; therefore it is the highest wisdom in youth to make all the sensible improvements they can in their early days; for a young overgrown dunce seldom makes a figure in any branch of learning in his old days. Sarah Neal her work. May 26, 1830. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18.”

After which it breaks off and resumes along the bottom with a row of letters upside down.

When my grandmother was too ill to be in control, my mother ran about the inn premises, laid the table for my grandfather’s meals, and, as a special treat, drew and served tankards of beer in the bar. There was no compulsory schooling in those days. Some serious neighbours seem to have talked to my grandfather and pointed out the value of accomplishments and scholastic finish to a young female in a progressive age. In 1833 he came into some property through the death of my great-grandfather and thereupon my mother was sent off to a finishing school for young ladies kept by a Miss Riley in Chichester. There in a year or so she showed such remarkable aptitude for polite learning, that she learnt to write in the clear angular handwriting reserved for women in those days, to read, to do sums up to, but not quite including, long division, the names of the[27] countries and capitals of Europe and the counties and county towns of England (with particular attention to the rivers they were “on”) and from Mrs. Markham’s History all that it was seemly to know about the Kings and Queens of England. Moreover she learnt from Magnell’s Questions the names of the four elements (which in due course she taught me), the seven wonders of the world (or was it nine?), the three diseases of wheat, and many such facts which Miss Riley deemed helpful to her in her passage through life. (But she never really mastered the names of the nine Muses and over what they presided, and though she begged and prayed her father that she might learn French, it was an Extra and she was refused it.) A natural tendency to Protestant piety already established by her ailing mother, was greatly enhanced. She was given various edifying books to read, but she was warned against worldly novels, the errors and wiles of Rome, French cooking and the insidious treachery of men, she was also prepared for confirmation and confirmed, she took the sacrament of Holy Communion, and so fortified and finished she returned to her home (1836).

An interesting thing about this school of Miss Riley’s, which was in so many respects a very antiquated eighteenth century school, was the strong flavour of early feminism it left in her mind. I do not think it is on record anywhere, but it is plain to me from what I have heard my mother say, that among school mistresses and such like women at any rate, there was a stir of emancipation associated with the claim, ultimately successful, of the Princess Victoria, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Kent, to succeed King William IV. There was a movement against that young lady based on her sex and this had provoked in reaction a wave of feminine partisanship throughout the country. It picked up reinforcement from an earlier trouble between George the Fourth and Queen Caroline. A favourite book of my mother’s was Mrs. Strickland’s Queens of England, and she followed the life of Victoria, her acts and utterances, her goings forth and her lyings in, her great sorrow and her other bereavements, with a passionate loyalty. The Queen, also a small woman, was in fact my mother’s compensatory personality, her[28] imaginative consolation for all the restrictions and hardships that her sex, her diminutive size, her motherhood and all the endless difficulties of life, imposed upon her. The dear Queen could command her husband as a subject and wilt the tremendous Mr. Gladstone with awe. How would it feel to be in that position? One would say this. One would do that. I have no doubt about my mother’s reveries. In her latter years in a black bonnet and a black silk dress she became curiously suggestive of the supreme widow….

For my own part, such is the obduracy of the young male, I heard too much of the dear Queen altogether; I conceived a jealous hatred for the abundant clothing, the magnificent housing and all the freedoms of her children and still more intensely of my contemporaries, her grandchildren. Why was my mother so concerned about them? Was not my handicap heavy enough without my having to worship them at my own mother’s behest? This was a fixation that has lasted all through my life. Various, desperate and fatiguing expeditions to crowded street corners and points of vantage at Windsor, at Chislehurst near Bromley (where the Empress Eugénie was living in exile) from which we might see the dear Queen pass;—”She’s coming. Oh, she’s coming. If only I could see! Take off your hat Bertie dear,”—deepened my hostility and wove a stout, ineradicable thread of republicanism into my resentful nature.

But that is anticipating. For the present I am trying to restore my mother’s mental picture of the world, as she saw it awaiting her, thirty years and more before I was born or thought of. It was a world much more like Jane Austen’s than Fanny Burney’s, but at a lower social level. Its chintz was second-hand, and its flowered muslin cheap and easily tired. Still more was it like the English countryside of Dickens’ Bleak House. It was a countryside, for as yet my mother knew nothing of London. Over it all ruled God our Father, in whose natural kindliness my mother had great confidence. He was entirely confused in her mind, because of the mystery of the Holy Trinity, with “Our Saviour” or “Our Lord”—who was rarely mentioned by any other names. The Holy Ghost she ignored almost entirely; I cannot recall any reference to him; he was certainly never “our” Holy[29] Ghost, and the Virgin Mary, in spite of what I should have considered her appeal to feminist proclivities, my mother disregarded even more completely. It may have been simply that there was a papistical flavour about the Virgin; I don’t know. Or a remote suspicion of artistic irregularity about the recorded activities of the Holy Spirit. In the lower sky and the real link between my mother and the god-head, was the Dear Queen, ruling by right divine, and beneath this again, the nobility and gentry, who employed, patronised, directed and commanded the rest of mankind. On every Sunday in the year, one went to church and refreshed one’s sense of this hierarchy between the communion table and the Free Seats. And behind everyone, behind the Free Seats, but alas! by no means confining his wicked activities to them, was Satan, Old Nick, the Devil, who accounted for so much in the world that was otherwise inexplicable.

My mother was Low Church, and I was disposed to find, even in my tender years, Low Church theology a little too stiff for me, but she tempered it to her own essential goodness, gentleness and faith in God’s Fatherhood, in ways that were quite her own. I remember demanding of her in my crude schoolboy revolt if she really believed in a hell of eternal torment. “We must, my dear,” she said. “But our Saviour died for us—and perhaps after all nobody will be sent there. Except of course the Old Devil.”

And even he, being so to speak the official in charge, I think she would have exempted from actual torture. Maybe Our Father would have shown him the tongs now and again, just to remind him.

There was a picture in an old illustrated book of devotions, Sturm’s Reflections, obliterated with stamp paper, and so provoking investigation. What had mother been hiding from me? By holding up the page to the light I discovered the censored illustration represented hell-fire; devil, pitchfork and damned, all complete and drawn with great gusto. But she had anticipated the general trend of Protestant theology at the present time and hidden hell away.

She believed that God our Father and Saviour, personally and through occasional angels, would mind her; she believed that he would not be indifferent to her prayers; she believed she had to be[30] good, carefully and continually, and not give Satan a chance with her. Then everything would be all right. That was what her “simple faith” as she called it really amounted to, and in that faith she went out very trustfully into the world.

It was decided that she should go into service as a lady’s maid. But first she had four years’ apprenticeship as a dressmaker (1836-1840) and she also had instruction in hair-dressing, to equip herself more thoroughly for that state of life into which it had pleased God to call her.

It was a world of other ladies’-maids and valets, of house stewards, housekeepers, cooks and butlers, upper servants above the level of maids and footmen, a downstairs world, but living in plentiful good air, well fed and fairly well housed in the attics, basements and interstices of great mansions. It was an old-fashioned world; most of its patterns of behaviour and much of its peculiar idiom, were established in the seventeenth century; its way of talking, its style of wit, was in an unbroken tradition from the Polite Conversation of Dean Swift, and it had customs and an etiquette all its own. I do not think she had a bad time in service; people poked fun at a certain simplicity in her, but no one seems to have been malignant.

I do not know all the positions she filled during her years as a lady’s maid. In 1845, when her diary begins, she was with the wife of a certain Captain Forde, I know, and in her company she travelled and lived in Ireland and in various places in England. The early part of this diary is by far the best written. It abounds in descriptions of scenery and notes of admiration, and is clearly the record of an interested if conventional mind. Ultimately (1850) she became maid to a certain Miss Bullock who lived at Up Park near Petersfield. It was not so gay as the Forde world. At Christmas particularly, in place of merriment, “Up Park just did nothing but eat,” but she conceived a great affection for Miss Bullock. She had left the Fordes because her mother was distressed by the death of her sister Elizabeth and wanted Sarah to be in England nearer to her. And at Up Park she met an eligible bachelor gardener who was destined to end her career as a lady’s maid, and in the course of time to be my father.[31] He wasn’t there to begin with; he came in 1851. “He seems peculiar,” says the diary, and offers no further comment. Probably she encountered him first in the Servants’ Hall, where there was a weekly dance by candlelight to the music of concertina and fiddle.

This was not my mother’s first love affair. Two allusions, slightly reminiscent of the romantic fiction of the time, preserve the memory of a previous experience.

“Kingstown railway,” the diary remarks, “is very compact and pretty. From Dublin it is short but the sea appears in view, and mountains, which to one fond of romantic scenery, how dear does the country appear when the views are so diversified by the changes of scene, to the reflective mind how sweet they are to one alas a voluntary exile from her dear, her native land, to wander alone to brood over the unkindness, the ingratitude, of a faithless, an absent, but not a forgotten lover. Ah, I left a kind and happy home to hide from all dear friends the keen, bitter anguish of my heart. Time and the smiles of dear Erin’s hospitable people had made a once miserable girl comparatively happy, but can man be happy who gains an innocent love and then trifles with the girlish innocent heart. May he be forgiven as I forgive him!!!”

And again, some pages later: “I meet kindness everywhere, but there are moments when I feel lonely, which makes me sigh for home, dear England, happy shore, still I do not wish to meet again that false wicked man, who gained my young heart and then trifled with a pure love. I hope this early trial will work good in me. I feel it ordered for the best and time will, I trust, prove it to me how mercifully has Providence watched over me, and for a wise purpose taught me not to trust implicitly to erring creatures. Oh, can I ever believe man again? Burnt all his letters. I shall now forget quicker I hope, and may he be forgiven his falsehoods.”

So, but for that man’s treachery, everything might have been different and somebody else might have come into the world in my place, and this biography have never seen the light, replaced by some other biography or by no biography at all.

I know nothing of the earliest encounter of my father and mother.[32] It may have been in the convolutions of Hands Across and Down the Middle, Sir Roger de Coverley, Pop Goes the Weasel, or some such country dance. I like to think of my mother then as innocently animated, pretty and not yet overstrained by dingy toil, and my father as a bright and promising young gardener, son of a head gardener of repute, the head gardener of Lord de Lisle at Penshurst. He was five years younger than she was, and they were both still in their twenties. Presently she was calling him “Joe” and he had modified her name Sarah to “Saddie.”

He probably came to the house every day to discuss flowers and vegetables, and so forth, with the cook and the housekeeper and steward and perhaps there was a chance for a word or two then, and on Sundays, when everybody walked downhill a mile and more through the Warren to morning service in Harting Church, they may have had opportunities for conversation. He was not a bad-looking young man, I gather, and I once met an old lady in Harting who recalled that he wore the “most gentlemanly grey trousers.”

My parents’ relationship had its serious side in those days. It was not all country dances and smiling meetings. I still possess a letter from him to her in which he explains that she has misunderstood an allusion he had made to the Holy Sacrament. He would be the last, he says, to be irreverent on such a topic. It is quite a well written letter.

§ 3

Up Park and Joseph Wells (1827-1910)

This Up Park is a handsome great house looking southward, with beechwoods and bracken thickets to shelter the dappled fallow deer of its wide undulating downland park. To the north the estate over-hangs the village of South Harting in the triangle between Midhurst, Petersfield and Chichester. The walled gardens, containing the gardener’s cottage which my father occupied, were situated three or four hundred yards or more away from the main buildings. There[33] was an outlying laundry, dairy, butcher’s shop and stables in the early eighteenth century style, and a turfed-over ice-house. Up Park was built by a Fetherstonhaugh, and it has always been in the hands of that family.

In the beginning of the nineteenth century the reigning Fetherstonhaugh was a certain Sir Harry, an intimate of the Prince Regent who was afterwards George IV. Sir Harry was a great seducer of pretty poorish girls, milliners, tenants, singers and servant maids, after the fashion of the time. An early mistress was that lovely young adventuress Emma, who passed into the protection of Greville of the Memoirs, married Sir William Hamilton, and became Romney’s and Nelson’s Lady Hamilton. In his declining years Sir Harry was smitten with desire for an attractive housemaid, Frances Bullock, and after a strenuous pursuit and a virtuous resistance, valiant struggles on the back stairs and much heated argument, married her. No offspring ensued. She brought her younger sister with her to the house and engaged a governess, Miss Sutherland, to chaperon her and it was after Sir Harry’s death that my mother became maid to this younger Miss Bullock.

Queen Victoria and Society never took very eagerly to this belated Lady Fetherstonhaugh, nobody married Miss Bullock, and Sir Harry being duly interred, the three ladies led a spacious dully comfortable life between Up Park and Claridge’s. They entertained house parties; people came to them for their shooting and hunting. They changed so little of the old arrangements that I find in a list of guests made by the housekeeper forty years after his death, that “Sir H’s bedroom” is still called by his name and assigned to the principal guest. A Mr. Weaver, a bastard, I believe, of Sir Harry’s, occupied an ambiguous position in the household as steward and was said—as was probably inevitable—to be Lady Fetherstonhaugh’s lover. It could not have been much in the way of love-making anyhow, with everyone watching and disapproving.

In a novel of mine, perhaps my most ambitious novel, Tono Bungay, I have made a little picture of Up Park as “Bladesover,” and given a glimpse of its life below stairs. (But the housekeeper[34] there is not in the least like my mother.) That is how I saw it in the ‘eighties when the two surviving ladies, Miss Bullock (who took the name of Fetherstonhaugh after her sister’s death) and Miss Sutherland, were very old ladies indeed. But in the late ‘forties when my mother came down from her costumes and mending and hair-dressing to her lunch or tea or supper in the housekeeper’s room, or peeped, as I am sure she did at times from some upstairs window towards the gardens, or beamed and curtseyed and set to partners in the country dance, everyone was younger and the life seemed perhaps more eventful. If it was not so gay and various as that now vanished life below stairs in Ireland, it was bright enough.

My father, Joseph Wells, was the son of Joseph Wells, who was head gardener to Lord de Lisle at Penshurst Place in Kent. My father was one of several brothers and sisters, Charles Edward, Henry, Edward, William, Lucy, Elizabeth and Hannah, and although he bore his father’s name, he was the youngest of the sons. There were uncles and cousins in the district, so that I suppose the family had been in Kent for at least some generations. My great-grandfather’s name was Edward; he had six children and forty grandchildren, and the family is lost at last in a mangrove swamp of Johns, Georges, Edwards, Toms, Williams, Harrys, Sarahs and Lucys. The lack of originality at the Christenings is appalling. The aunts and uncles were all as far as I can ascertain, of the upper-servants, tenant-farmer class, except that one set of my father’s first cousins at Penshurst, bearing the surname of Duke, had developed an industry for the making of cricket bats and balls, and were rather more prosperous than the others.

My father grew up to gardening and cricket, and remained an out-of-doors, open-air man to the day of his death. He became gardener at Redleaf, nearby, to a Mr. Joseph Wells, who, in spite of the identical name, was no sort of relation, and in the summer, directly the day’s work was over, my father would run, he told me once, a mile and more at top speed to the pitch at Penshurst to snatch half an hour of cricket before the twilight made the ball invisible. He learnt to swim and to handle a muzzle-loading gun and so forth as[35] country boys do, and his schooling gave him reading and writing and “summing,” so that he read whatever he could and kept his accounts in a clear well-shaped handwriting; but what sort of school imparted these rudiments I do not know.

Joseph Wells, of Redleaf, was an old gentleman with liberal and æsthetic tastes, and he took rather a fancy to young Joseph. He talked to him, encouraged him to read, and lent and gave him books on botany and gardening. When the old man was ill he liked my father to take his arm when he walked in the garden. My father made definite efforts to improve himself. In our parlour when I was a small boy in search of reading matter there was still the Young Man’s Companion in two volumes and various numbers of Orr’s Circles of the Science which he had acquired during this phase. He had an aptitude for drawing. He drew and coloured pictures of various breeds of apple and pear and suchlike fruits, and he sought out and flattened and dried between sheets of blotting paper, a great number of specimen plants.

Old Wells was interested in art, and one of his friends and a frequent visitor at Redleaf was Sir Edwin Landseer, the “animal painter,” who could put human souls into almost every sort of animal and who did those grave impassive lions at the base of the Nelson monument in Trafalgar Square. My father served as artist’s model on several occasions, and for many years he was to be seen in the National Gallery, peeping at a milkmaid in a picture called The Maid and the Magpie. Behind him in the sunshine was Penshurst Church. But afterwards the Landseers were all sent to the Tate Gallery at Millbank and there a sudden flood damaged or destroyed most of them and washed away that record of my father altogether.

I do not know what employment my father found after he left Redleaf, which he did when his employer died, before he came to Up Park and met my mother. I think there was some sort of job as gardener or under-gardener at Crewe. In these days he was evidently restless and uneasy about his outlook upon life. Unrest was in the air. He talked of emigrating to America or Australia. I think the friendliness of Joseph Wells of Redleaf had stirred up vague[36] hopes and ambitions in him, and that he had been disappointed of a “start in life” by the old man’s death.

I wish I knew more than I do of my father’s dreams and wishes during those early years before he married. In his working everyday world he, like my mother, was still very much in the tradition of the eighteenth century when the nobility and gentry ruled everything under God and the King, when common men knew nothing of the possibility of new wealth, and when either Patronage or a Legacy was the only conceivable way for them out of humdrum and rigid limitation from the cradle to the grave. That system was crumbling away; strange new things were undermining it, but to my mother certainly it seemed an eternal system only to be ended at the Last Trump, and I think it was solely in rare moments of illumination and transparency that my father glimpsed its instability. He and his Saddie walking soberly through the Up Park bracken on a free Sunday afternoon, discussing their prospects, had little more suspicion that their world of gentlemen’s estates and carriage-folk and villages and country houses and wayside inns and nice little shops and horse ploughs and windmills and touching one’s hat to one’s betters, would not endure for ever, than they had that their God in his Heaven was under notice to quit.

But if such was the limitation of his serious talk in the daylight, there could be other moods when he was alone. I had one hint of that which was as good I think as a hundred explicit facts. Once when I was somewhen in my twenties and he was over sixty; as I was walking with him on the open downs out beyond Up Park, he said casually: “When I was a young man of your age I used to come out here and lie oh! half the night, just looking at the stars.”

I hadn’t thought of him before as a star-gazer. His words opened a great gulf of unsuspected states of mind to me. I wanted him to tell me more, but I did not want to bother him with a cross-examination. I hesitated among a number of clumsy leading questions that would tell me something more of the feelings of that vanished young man of forty years ago who had suddenly reappeared between us.[37]

“What for?” I ventured to ask rather lamely.

“Wondering.”

I left it at that. One may be curious about one’s father, but prying is prohibited.

But if he could look out of this planet and wonder about the stars, it may be he could also look out of his immediate circumstances and apprehend their triviality by stellar standards. I do not think my mother ever wondered about the stars. God our Father had put them there “for his glory,” and that sufficed for her. My father was never at any time in his life, clear and set in that fashion.

My mother’s diary is silent about the circumstances of her marriage. There is no mention of any engagement. I cannot imagine how it came about. She left Up Park to be with her mother who was very seriously ill in the spring of 1853. My father visited the inn at Midhurst, I should think as her fiancé, in the summer. He had left Up Park and was on his way to stay with his brother, Charles Edward, in Gloucestershire until he could find another place. Then suddenly she was in a distressful storm. Her father was taken ill unexpectedly and died in August, and her mother, already very ill, died, after a phase of dementia due to grief and dismay, in November. That happened on the 5th, and on the 22nd my mother was married to my father (who was still out of a situation) in the City of London at St. Stephen’s Church, Coleman Street. He seems to have been employed a little later as an under gardener at Trentham in Staffordshire, and for a time they could live together only intermittently. She visited him at Trentham, she does not say precisely how; and they spent a Sunday she did not like in “the gardener’s cottage” at Crewe. “No church, nothing.” She paid visits to relations in between and felt “very unsettled.”

I guess they were married on his initiative, but that is only guessing. He may have thought it a fine thing to do. There is nothing like extravagance when one is down. He may have had a flash of imperious passion. But then one should go on in the same key, and that he did not do. My mother may have felt the need of a man to combat the lawyers whom she suspected of making away with her father’s[38] estate. If so, my father was very little good to her. Presently he got a job and a cottage at Shuckburgh Park in the midlands. On April 5th, 1854, she is “very happy and busy preparing for my new home.” It was to be the happiest and most successful home she ever had, poor little woman! In the diary my father becomes “dearest Joe” and “my dear husband.” Previously he had been “Joe” or “J. W.” “The Saturday laborious work I do not like, but still I am very happy in my little home.” And he did a little water-colour sketch which still exists, of his small square cottage, and I suppose one does not sketch a house unless one is reasonably happy in it. He kept this place at Shuckburgh Park until a daughter had been born to him (in 1855) and then he was at loose ends again.

There seems to have been no intimation of coming trouble until it came. My mother’s diary records: “July 17th 1855. Sir Francis gave Joe warning to leave (trebly underlined). Oh what a sorrow! It struck to my poor heart to look at my sweet babe and obliged to leave my pretty home. May it please God to bless us with another happy quiet home in His own Good Time.”

But it did not please God to do anything of the sort at any time any more.

I do not know why my father was unsuccessful as a gardener, but I suspect a certain intractability of temper rather than incapacity. He did not like to be told things and made to do things. He was impatient. Before he married, I gather from an old letter from a friend that has chanced to be preserved, he was talking of going to the gold diggings in Australia, and again after he left the cottage at Shuckburgh he was looking round for some way out of the galling subordinations and uncertainties of “service.” He thought again of emigrating; this time to America, there were even two stout boxes made for his belongings, and then his schemes for flight abroad, which perhaps after all were rather half-hearted schemes, were frustrated by the advent of my eldest brother, his second child.

Perhaps it was as well that he did not attempt pioneering in new lands with my mother. She had been trained as a lady’s maid and not as a housewife and I do not think she had the mental flexibility[39] to rise to new occasions. She was that sort of woman who is an incorrigibly bad cook. By nature and upbringing alike she belonged to that middle-class of dependents who occupied situations, performed strictly defined duties, gave or failed to give satisfaction and had no ideas at all outside that dependence. People of that quality “saved up for a rainy day” but they were without the slightest trace of primary productive or acquisitive ability. She was that in all innocence, but I perceive that my father might well have had a more efficient help-mate in the struggle for life as it went on in the individualistic nineteenth century.

He was at any rate a producer, if only as a recalcitrant gardener, but he shared her incapacity for getting and holding things. They were both economic innocents made by and for a social order, a scheme of things, that was falling to pieces all about them. And looking for stability in a world that was already breaking away towards adventure, they presently dropped into that dismal insanitary hole I have already described, in which I was born, and from which they were unable to escape for twenty-four dreary years.

Since it was difficult to find a situation as a gardener and still more tiresome to keep it, since there was no shelter or help in the world while one was out of work but the scanty hospitality of one’s family, the idea of becoming one’s own master and getting a home of one’s own even on an uncertain income became a very alluring one. An obliging cousin, George Wells, with a little unsuccessful china and crockery shop in the High Street of Bromley, Kent, offered it to my father on extremely reasonable terms. It was called Atlas House because of a figure of Atlas bearing a lamp instead of the world in the shop window. My father anticipated his inheritance of a hundred pounds or so, bought this business and set up for himself. He spent all his available savings and reserves, and my mother with one infant in arms moved into 47 High Street, in time to bring my eldest brother into the world there. And so they were caught. From the outset this business did not “pay,” and it “paid” less and less. But they had now no means of getting out of it and going anywhere else.[40]

“Took possession,” says the diary on October 23rd 1855. On the 27th, “very unsettled. No furniture sufficient and no capital to do as we ought. I fear we have done wrong.” On November 7th she says, “This seems a horrid business, no trade. How I wish I had taken that situation with Lady Carrick!” “November 8th. No customers all day. How sad to be deceived by one’s relations. They have got their money and we their old stock.”

They both knew they were caught.

And being caught like this was to try these poor things out to the utmost. It grew very plain that my father had neither imagination nor sympathy for the woman’s side of life. (Later on I was to betray a similar deficiency.) He had been brought up in a country home with mother and sisters, and the women folk saw to all the indoor business. A man just didn’t bother about it. He lived from the shop outward and had by far the best of things; she became the entire household staff, with two little children on her hands and, as the diary shows quite plainly, in perpetual dread of further motherhood. “Anxiety relieved,” became her formula. There is a pathetic deterioration in the diary, as infested, impossible, exhausting Atlas House takes possession of her. There were no more descriptions of scenery and fewer and fewer pious and sentimental reflections after the best models. It becomes a record of dates and comings and goings, of feeling ill, of the ill health of her children, growing up, she realized, in unwholesome circumstances, of being left alone, of triter and triter attempts to thank God for his many mercies. “J. W.”—he is “J. W.” again now and henceforth—”playing cricket at Chislehurst.” “J. W. out all day.” “J. W. in London.” …

“August 23rd, 1857. Church, morning, had a happy day. J. W. went to church with me!!!”

“August 30th, 1857. Went to church. Mr. J. W. did not go all day, did not feel quite so happy, how often I wish he was more serious.”

“Dec. 1st, 1857. Joe resolved on going to New Zealand. Advertisement of business to let or sold. 3rd. Please God to guide us whichever way is for the best.”

“Dec. 31st, ’57. This year ends with extreme anxiety about the[41] business. How I wish we had never taken it. How unsuited for us. Not half a living and dear parents have all gone. Oh Heavenly Father guide and direct me.”

“Jan. 4th. J. W. put a second advertisement in.”

“Jan. 6th. Had an answer to advertisement.”

These advertisements came to nothing. A “letting notice in the window” came to nothing. “Several enquiries but nothing.” More strenuous methods were needed and never adopted. Day follows day in that diary and mostly they are unhappy days. And so it went on. For twenty-four years of her life, and the first thirteen years of mine, dingy old Atlas House kept her going up and down its wearisome staircases in her indefatigable hopeless attempt to recover something of the brightness of that little cottage at Shuckburgh.

My mother used to accuse my father of neglecting the shop for cricket. But it was through that excellent sport as it was then, that the little ménage contrived to hold out, with an occasional bankruptcy, for so long before it was finally sold up. He was never really interested in the crockery trade and sold little, I think, but jampots and preserving jars to the gentlemen’s houses round about, and occasional bedroom sets and tea-sets, table glass and replacements. But he developed his youthful ability to play cricket which he had kept alive at Up Park, he revived the local club and was always getting jobs of variable duration as a professional bowler and cricket instructor in the neighbourhood. He played for the West Kent Club from 1857 to 1869 and bowled for the County of Kent in 1862 and 1863. On June 26th, 1862, he clean bowled four Sussex batsmen in four successive balls, a feat not hitherto recorded in county cricket. Moreover his cousin John Duke at Penshurst, whom he had once got out of danger when they were swimming together, let him have long and considerate credit for a supply of cricket goods that ousted the plates and dishes from half the shop window. Among the familiar names of my childhood were the Hoares and the Normans, both banking families with places near Bromley, for whom he bowled; and for some years he went every summer term to Norwich Grammar School as “pro.”[42]

§ 4

Sarah Wells at Atlas House (1855-1880)

My Mother drudged endlessly in that gaunt and impossible home and the years slipped by. Year after year she changed and the prim little lady’s-maid, with her simple faith and her definite views about the Holy Sacrament, gave place to a tired woman more and more perplexed by life. Twice more her habitual “anxiety” was not to be relieved, and God was to incur her jaded and formal gratitude for two more “dear ones.” She feared us terribly before we came and afterwards she loved and slaved for us intensely, beyond reason. She was not clever at her job and I have to tell it; she sometimes did badly by her children through lack of knowledge and flexibility, but nothing could exceed the grit and devotion of her mothering. She wore her fingers to the bone working at our clothes, and she had acquired a fanatical belief in cod liver oil and insisted that we two younger ones should have it at any cost; so that we escaped the vitamin insufficiency that gave my elder brother a pigeon breast and a retarded growth. No one knew about vitamin D in those days, but cod liver oil had been prescribed for my sister Fanny and it had worked magic with her.

My mother brought my brother Freddy into the world in 1862, and had her great tragedy in 1864, when my sister died of appendicitis. The nature of appendicitis was unknown in those days; it was called “inflammation of the bowels”; my sister had been to a children’s tea party a day or so before her seizure, and my mother in her distress at this sudden blow, leaped to the conclusion that Fanny had been given something unsuitable to eat, and was never quite reconciled to those neighbours, would not speak to them, forbade us to mention them.

Fanny had evidently been a very bright, precocious and fragile little girl, an indoor little girl, with a facility for prim piety that had delighted my mother’s heart. Such early goodness, says Dr. W. R.[43] Ackroyd (in Vitamins and other Dietary Essentials) is generally a sign of some diet deficiency, and that, I fear is how things were with her. Quite healthy children are boisterous. She had learnt her “collect” every Sunday, repeated many hymns by rote, said her prayers beautifully, found her “place” in the prayer book at church, and made many apt remarks for my mother to treasure in her heart. I was born two years and more after her death, in 1866, and my mother decided that I had been sent to replace Fanny and to achieve a similar edification. But again Fate was mocking her. Little boys are different in constitution from little girls, and even from the outset I showed myself exceptionally deficient in the religious sense. I was born blasphemous and protesting. Even at my christening, she told me, I squalled with a vehemence unprecedented in the history of the family.

And later she was to undermine her own teaching with cod liver oil.

My own beginnings were shaped so much as a system of reactions to my mother’s ideas and suggestions and feelings that I find some attempt to realize her states of mind, during those twenty-five years of enslavement behind the crockery shop, a necessary prelude to my account of my own education. We had no servants; no nurse-maids and governesses intervened between us; she carried me about until I could be put down to trot after her and so I arose mentally, quite as much as physically, out of her. It was a process of severance and estrangement, for I was my father’s as well as my mother’s son.

I have tried to give an impression of the simple and confident faith with which my mother sailed out into life. Vast unsuspected forces beyond her ken were steadily destroying the social order, the horse and sailing ship transport, the handicrafts and the tenant-farming social order, to which all her beliefs were attuned and on which all her confidence was based. To her these mighty changes in human life presented themselves as a series of perplexing frustrations and undeserved misfortunes, for which nothing or nobody was clearly to blame—unless it was my father and the disingenuous behaviour of people about her from whom she might have expected better things.[44]

Bromley was being steadily suburbanized. An improved passenger and goods service, and the opening of a second railway station, made it more and more easy for people to go to London for their shopping and for London retailers to come into competition with the local traders. Presently the delivery vans of the early multiple shops, the Army and Navy Co-operative Stores and the like, appeared in the neighbourhood to suck away the ebbing vitality of the local retailer. The trade in pickling jars and jam-pots died away. Fresh housekeepers came to the gentlemen’s houses, who knew not Joseph and bought their stuff from the stores.

Why didn’t Joe do something about it?

Poor little woman! How continually vexed she was, how constantly tired and worried to the limits of endurance, during that dismal half-lifetime of disillusionment that slipped away at Bromley! She clung most desperately to the values she had learnt at Miss Riley’s finishing school; she learnt nothing and forgot nothing through those dark years spent for the most part in the underground kitchen. Every night and morning and sometimes during the day she prayed to Our Father and Our Saviour for a little money, for a little leisure, for a little kindness, to make Joe better and less negligent—for now he was getting very neglectful of her. It was like writing to an absconding debtor for all the answer she got.

Unless taking away her darling, her wonder, her one sweet and tractable child, her Fanny, her little “Possy,” without pity or warning was an answer. A lesson. Fanny was well and happy and then she was flushed and contorted with agony and then in three days she was dead. My mother had to talk to her diary about it. Little boys do not like lamenting mothers; Joe was apt to say, “There, there, Saddie,” and go off to his cricket; except for Our Lord and Saviour, whose dumbness, I am afraid, wore the make-believe very thin at times, my mother had to do her weeping alone.

It is my conviction that deep down in my mother’s heart something was broken when my sister died two years and more before I was born. Her simple faith was cracked then and its reality spilled away. I got only the forms and phrases of it. I do not think she[45] ever admitted to herself, ever realized consciously, that there was no consolation under heaven for the outrage Fate had done her. Our Lord was dumb, even in dreams he came not, and her subconsciousness apprehended all the dreadful implications of that silence. But she fought down that devastating discovery. She went on repeating the old phrases of belief—all the more urgently perhaps. She wanted me to believe in order to stanch that dark undertow of doubt. In the early days with my sister she had been able so to saturate her teaching with confidence in the Divine Protection, that she had created a prodigy of Early Piety. My heart she never touched because the virtue had gone out of her.

I was indeed a prodigy of Early Impiety. I was scared by Hell, I did not at first question the existence of Our Father, but no fear nor terror could prevent my feeling that his All Seeing Eye was that of an Old Sneak and that the Atonement for which I had to be so grateful was either an imposture, a trick of sham self-immolation, or a crazy nightmare. I felt the unsoundness of these things before I dared to think it. There was a time when I believed in the story and scheme of salvation, so far as I could understand it, just as there was a time when I believed there was a Devil, but there was never a time when I did not heartily detest the whole business.

I feared Hell dreadfully for some time. Hell was indeed good enough to scare me and prevent me calling either of my brothers fools, until I was eleven or twelve. But one night I had a dream of Hell so preposterous that it blasted that undesirable resort out of my mind for ever. In an old number of Chambers Journal I had read of the punishment of breaking a man on the wheel. The horror of it got into my dreams and there was Our Father in a particularly malignant phase, busy basting a poor broken sinner rotating slowly over a fire built under the wheel. I saw no Devil in the vision; my mind in its simplicity went straight to the responsible fountain head. That dream pursued me into the day time. Never had I hated God so intensely.

And then suddenly the light broke through to me and I knew this God was a lie.[46]

I have a sort of love for most living things, but I cannot recall any time in my life when I had the faintest shadow of an intimation of love for any one of the Persons in the Holy Trinity. I could as soon love a field scarecrow as those patched up “persons.” I am still as unable to account for the ecstasies of the faithful as I was to feel as my mother wished me to feel. I sensed it was a silly story long before I dared to admit even to myself that it was a silly story.

For indeed it is a silly story and each generation nowadays swallows it with greater difficulty. It is a jumble up of a miscellany of the old sacrificial and consolatory religions of the confused and unhappy townspeople of the early Empire; its constituent practices were probably more soothing to troubled hearts before there was any attempt to weld them into one mystical creed, and all the disingenuous intelligence of generation after generation of time-serving or well-meaning divines has served only to accentuate the fundamental silliness of these synthesised Egyptian and Syrian myths. I doubt if one person in a million of all the hosts of Christendom has ever produced a spark of genuine gratitude for the Atonement. I think “love” for the Triune God is as rare as it is unnatural and irrational.

Why do people go on pretending about this Christianity? At the test of war, disease, social injustice and every real human distress, it fails—and leaves a cheated victim, as it abandoned my mother. Jesus was some fine sort of man perhaps, the Jewish Messiah was a promise of leadership, but Our Saviour of the Trinity is a dressed-up inconsistent effigy of amiability, a monstrous hybrid of man and infinity, making vague promises of helpful miracles for the cheating of simple souls, an ever absent help in times of trouble.

And their Sacrament, their wonderful Sacrament, in which the struggling Believers urge themselves to discover the profoundest satisfaction; what is it? What does it amount to? Was there ever a more unintelligible mix up of bad metaphysics and grossly materialistic superstition than this God-eating? Was there anything more corrupting to take into a human mind and be given cardinal importance there?[47]

I once said a dreadful thing to my mother about the Sacrament. In her attempts to evoke Early Piety in me, she worked very hard indeed to teach me the answers in the English Church Catechism. I learnt them dutifully but I found them dull. In one answer (framed very carefully to guard me against the errors of the Church of Rome) I had to say what were the elements in the sacred feast. “Bread and Wine,” it ran, “which our Lord hath ordained,” etc., etc.

Bread and Wine seemed a strange foolish form of refreshment to me, the only wines I knew were ginger wine at Christmas and orange wine, which I took with cod liver oil, and port and sherry which were offered with a cracknel biscuit to housekeepers who came to pay bills, and so it occurred to me it would introduce an amusing element of realism into the solemnity of the recital if I answered “Bread and Butter” and chuckled helpfully….

My mother knew she had to be profoundly shocked. She was shocked to the best of her ability. But she was much more puzzled than shocked. The book was closed, the audition suspended.

She said I did not understand the dreadfulness of what I had said, and that was perfectly true. And poor dear she could not convey it to me. No doubt she interceded with God for me and asked him to take over the task of enlightenment. “Forgive dear Bertie,” she must have said.

And anyhow it was made evident to me that a decorative revision of the English Church Catechism was an undesirable enterprise. I turned my attention to the more acceptable effort to say it faster and faster.

My mother in my earliest memories of her was a distressed overworked little woman, already in her late forties. All the hope and confidence of her youth she had left behind her. As I knew her in my childhood, she was engaged in a desperate single-handed battle with our gaunt and dismal home, to keep it clean, to keep her children clean, to get them clothed and fed and taught, to keep up appearances. The only domestic help I ever knew her to have was a garrulous old woman of the quality of Sairey Gamp, a certain Betsy Finch.[48]

In opulent times Betsy would come in to char, and there would even be a washing day, when the copper in the scullery was lit and all the nether regions were filled with white steam and the smell of soapsuds. My mother appears in these early memories, in old cloth slippers, a grey stuff dress or a print dress according to the season, an apron of sacking and a big pink sunbonnet—such as country-women wore in Old and New England alike before the separation. There was little sun in her life, but she wore that headdress, she explained, to keep the dust out of her hair. She is struggling up or down stairs with a dust-pan, a slop-pail, a scrubbing brush or a greasy dishclout. Long before I came into the world her poor dear hands had become enlarged and distorted by scrubbing and damp, and I never knew them otherwise.

Her toil was unending. My father would get up and rake out and lay and light the fire, because she was never clever at getting a fire to burn, and then she would get breakfast while he took down the clumsy shop shutters and swept out the shop. Then came the business of hunting the boys out of bed, seeing that they did something in the way of washing, giving them breakfast and sending them off in time for school. Then airing and making the beds, emptying the slops, washing up the breakfast things. Then perhaps a dusty battle to clean out a room; there were no vacuum cleaners in those days; or a turn at scrubbing—scrubbing the splintery rotten wood of a jerry-built house. There was no O-Cedar mop, no polished floor; down you went to it on all fours with your pail beside you. If Joe was out delivering goods there might at any moment be a jangle of the shop bell and a customer.

Customers bothered my mother, especially when she was in her costume for housework; she would discard her apron in a hurry, wipe her wet hands, pat her hair into order, come into the shop breathless and defensive, and often my father had neglected to mark the prices on the things the customer wanted. If it was cricket goods she was quite at sea.

My father usually bought the meat for dinner himself, and that had to be cooked and the table laid in the downstairs kitchen. Then[49] came a clatter of returning boys through the shop and down the staircase, and the midday meal. The room was dark and intermittently darker because of the skirts and feet going by over the grating. It wasn’t always a successful meal. Sometimes there was not much to eat; but there were always potatoes and there was too much cabbage for my taste; and sometimes the cooking had been unfortunate and my father Pished and Tushed or said disagreeable things outright. My mother in those days was just the unpaid servant of everybody. I in particular was often peevish with my food, and frequently I would have headaches and bad bilious attacks in the afternoon. We drank beer that was drawn from a small cask in the scullery, and if it went a little flat before the cask was finished it had to be drunk just the same. Presently father lit his pipe and filled the kitchen air with the fragrance of Red Virginia, the boys dispersed quarrelling or skylarking or rejoicing, and there was nothing left to do of the first half, the heavier half, of my mother’s daily routine but wash up the plates at the sink.

Then she could attend to appearances. Instead of the charlady ensemble of the morning, she changed herself into a trim little lady with a cap and lace apron. Generally she sat indoors. Perforce if my father was at cricket, but mainly because there was nothing to do abroad and much to do at home. She had a large confused work-basket—when I was small and exceptionally good it was sometimes my privilege to turn it out—and she had all our clothes to mend. She darned my heels and knees with immense stitches. In addition she made all our clothes until such age as, under the pressure of our schoolfellows’ derision, we rebelled against something rather naïve in the cut. Also she made loose covers for the chairs and sofa out of cheap chintz or cretonne. She made them as she cooked and as she made our clothes, with courage rather than skill. They fitted very badly but at least they hid the terrible worn shabbiness of the fundamental stuff. She got tea, she got supper, she put her offspring to bed after they had said their prayers, and then she could sit a little while, think, read the daily-paper, write a line or so in her diary, attend to her correspondence, before she lit her candle and[50] went up the inconvenient staircase for the last time to bed. My father was generally out after supper, talking of men’s affairs with men or playing a friendly game of Nap, by which I believe, generally speaking, he profited, in the bar parlour of the Bell.

I know very little about the realities of my father’s life at this time. Essentially he was a baffled unsuccessful “stuck” man, but he had a light and cheerful disposition, and a large part of his waking energy was spent in evading disagreeable realizations. He had a kind of attractiveness for women, I think he was aware of it, but I do not know whether he ever went further along the line of unfaithfulness than a light flirtation—in Bromley at any rate. I should certainly have learnt from my schoolfellows of any scandal or scandalous suspicion. He chatted a great deal at the shop door to fellow tradesmen in a similar state of leisure. The voices and occasional laughter came through the shop to my mother alone within.

He read diversely, bought books at sales, brought them home from the Library Institute. I think his original religious and political beliefs were undergoing a slow gentle fading out in those days. Evidently he found my mother, with her rigid standards and her curiously stereotyped mind, less and less interesting to talk to. She was never able to master the mysteries of cards or chess or draughts, so that alleviation of their evenings was out of the question. He felt her voluminous unspoken criticism of his ineptitude, he realized the justice of her complaints, and yet for the life of him he could not see what was to be done. I will confess I do not know what he could have done.

My mother’s instinct for appearances was very strong. Whatever the realities of our situation, she was resolved that to the very last moment we should keep up the appearance of being comfortable members of that upper-servant tenant class to which her imagination had been moulded. She believed that it was a secret to all the world that she had no servant and did all the household drudgery herself. I was enjoined never to answer questions about that or let it out when I went abroad. Nor was I to take my coat off carelessly, because my underclothing was never quite up to the promise of my[51] exterior garments. It was never ragged but it abounded in compromises. This hindered my playing games.

I was never to mix with common children, who might teach me naughty words. The Hoptons, the greengrocer’s family over the way, were “rough” she thought; they were really turbulently jolly; the Mundays next door were methodists who sang hymns out of church which is almost as bad as singing songs in it, and the Mowatts at the corner she firmly believed had killed poor Possy and were not to be thought of. People who were not beneath us were apt to be stuck-up and unapproachable in the other direction. So my universe of discourse was limited. She preferred to have me indoors rather than out.

She taught me the rudiments of learning. I learnt my alphabet from a big sheet of capital letters pasted up in the kitchen, I learnt the nine figures from the same sheet, and from her, orally, how to count up to a hundred, and the first word I wrote was “butter,” which I traced over her handwriting against a pane of the window. Also I began to read under her instructions. But then she felt my education was straining for higher things and I went off with my brother Freddy (who was on no account to let go of my hand) to a school in a room in a row of cottages near the Drill Hall, kept by an unqualified old lady, Mrs. Knott, and her equally unqualified daughter Miss Salmon, where I learnt to say my tables of weights and measures, read words of two or more syllables and pretend to do summing—it was incomprehensible fudging that was never explained to me—on a slate.

Such was my mother in the days when I was a small boy. She already had wrinkles round her eyes, and her mouth was drawn in because she had lost some teeth, and having them replaced by others would have seemed a wicked extravagance to her. I wonder what went on in her brain when she sat alone in the evening by the lamp and the dying fire, doing some last bit of sewing before she went to bed? I began to wonder what went on in her brain when I was in my early teens and I have wondered ever since.

I believe she was profoundly aware of her uncomfortable poverty-[52]stricken circumstances, but I do not think she was acutely unhappy. I believe that she took refuge from reality in a world of innocent reverie. As she sewed, a string of petty agreeable fictions were distracting her mind from unpleasant fears and anxieties. She was meeting someone whom it was agreeable to meet; she was being congratulated on this or that fancied achievement, dear Bertie was coming home with prizes from school, dear Frankie or dear Freddie was setting up in business and doing ever so well, or the postman was coming with a letter, a registered letter. It was a letter to say she had been left money, twenty-five pounds, fifty pounds—why not a hundred pounds? All her own. The Married Woman’s Property Act ensured that Joe couldn’t touch it. It was a triumph over Joe, but all the same, she would buy him something out of it. Poor Possy should have that gravestone at last. Mr. Morley’s bill would be paid.

Should she have a servant? Did she really want a servant—except for what the neighbours thought? More trouble than they are worth most of the time. A silly girl she would have to train—and with boys about! And Joe?… The boys were good as gold, she knew, but who could tell what might not happen if the girl chanced to be a bad, silly girl? Better have in a serious woman, Betsy Finch for example, more regularly. It would be nice not to have to scrub so much. And to have new curtains in the parlour…. Doctor Beeby coming in—just to look at Freddie’s finger, nothing serious. “Dear me, Mrs. Wells, dear me! How pretty you have made the room!” …

Some such flow of fancy as that, it must have been.

Without reverie life would surely be unendurable to the greater multitude of human beings. After all opium is merely a stimulant for reverie. And reverie, I am sure, made the substance of her rare leisure. Religion and love, except for her instinctive pride in her boys, had receded imperceptibly from her life and left her dreaming. Once she had dreamt of reciprocated love and a sedulously attentive God, but there was indeed no more reassurance for her except in dreamland. My father was away at cricket, and I think she realized more and more acutely as the years dragged on without material[53] alleviation, that Our Father and Our Lord, on whom, to begin with, she had perhaps counted unduly, were also away—playing perhaps at their own sort of cricket in some remote quarter of the starry universe.

My mother was still a good Churchwoman, but I doubt if her reveries in the lonely evenings at Atlas House ever went into the hereafter and anticipated immortality. I doubt if she ever distracted herself by dreaming of the scenery of the Life to Come, or of anything that could happen there. Unless it was to have a vision of meeting her lost little “Possy” again in some celestial garden, an unchanged and eternal child, and hear her surprised bright cry of “Mummy Mummy!” and hold her in her arms once more.

§ 5

A Broken Leg and Some Books and Pictures (1874)

My leg was broken for me when I was between seven and eight. Probably I am alive to-day and writing this autobiography instead of being a worn-out, dismissed and already dead shop assistant, because my leg was broken. The agent of good fortune was “young Sutton,” the grown-up son of the landlord of the Bell. I was playing outside the scoring tent in the cricket field and in all friendliness he picked me up and tossed me in the air. “Whose little kid are you?” he said, and I wriggled, he missed his hold on me and I snapped my tibia across a tent peg. A great fuss of being carried home; a painful setting—for they just set and strapped a broken leg tightly between splints in those days, and the knee and ankle swelled dreadfully—and then for some weeks I found myself enthroned on the sofa in the parlour as the most important thing in the house, consuming unheard-of jellies, fruits, brawn and chicken sent with endless apologies on behalf of her son by Mrs. Sutton, and I could demand and have a fair chance of getting anything that came into my head, books, paper, pencils, and toys—and particularly books.

I had just taken to reading. I had just discovered the art of leaving[54] my body to sit impassive in a crumpled up attitude in a chair or sofa, while I wandered over the hills and far away in novel company and new scenes. And now my father went round nearly every day to the Literary Institute in Market Square and got one or two books for me, and Mrs. Sutton sent some books, and there was always a fresh book to read. My world began to expand very rapidly, and when presently I could put my foot to the ground, the reading habit had got me securely. Both my parents were doubtful of the healthiness of reading, and did their best to discourage this poring over books as soon as my leg was better.

I cannot recall now many of the titles of the books I read, I devoured them so fast, and the title and the author’s name in those days seemed a mere inscription on the door to delay me in getting down to business. There was a work, in two volumes, upon the countries of the world, which I think must have been made of bound up fortnightly parts. It was illustrated with woodcuts, the photogravure had still to come in those days, and it took me to Tibet, China, the Rocky Mountains, the forests of Brazil, Siam and a score of other lands. I mingled with Indians and naked negroes; I learnt about whaling and crossed the drift ice with Esquimaux. There was Wood’s Natural History, also copiously illustrated and full of exciting and terrifying facts. I conceived a profound fear of the gorilla, of which there was a fearsome picture, which came out of the book at times after dark and followed me noiselessly about the house. The half landing was a favourite lurking place for this terror. I passed it whistling, but wary and then ran for my life up the next flight. And I was glad to think that between the continental land masses of the world, which would have afforded an unbroken land passage for wolves from Russia and tigers from India, and this safe island on which I took my daily walks, stretched the impassable moat of the English Channel. I read too in another book about the distances of the stars, and that seemed to push the All Seeing Eye very agreeably away from me. Turning over the pages of the Natural History, I perceived a curious relationship between cats and tigers and lions and so forth, and to a lesser degree between them and[55] hyenas and dogs and bears, and between them again and other quadrupeds, and curious premonitions of evolution crept into my thoughts. Also I read the life of the Duke of Wellington and about the American Civil War, and began to fight campaigns and battles in my reveries. At home were the works of Washington Irving and I became strangely familiar with Granada and Columbus and the Companions of Columbus. I do not remember that any story books figured during this first phase of reading. Either I have forgotten them or they did not come my way. Later on, however, Captain Mayne Reid, Fenimore Cooper and the Wild West generally, seized upon my imagination.

One important element in that first bout of reading was the bound volumes of Punch and its rival in those days, Fun, which my father renewed continually during my convalescence. The bound periodicals with their political cartoons and their quaint details played a curious part in developing my imaginative framework. My ideas of political and international relations were moulded very greatly by the big figures of John Bull and Uncle Sam, the French, the Austrian, and the German and Russian emperors, the Russian bear, the British lion and the Bengal tiger, Mr. Gladstone the noble, and the insidious, smiling Dizzy. They confronted one another; they said heroic, if occasionally quite incomprehensible things to one another. And across the political scene also marched tall and lovely feminine figures, Britannia, Erin, Columbia, La France, bare armed, bare necked, showing beautiful bare bosoms, revealing shining thighs, wearing garments that were a revelation in an age of flounces and crinolines. My first consciousness of women, my first stirrings of desire were roused by these heroic divinities. I became woman-conscious from those days onward.

I do not wish to call in question the accounts the masters of psycho-analysis give us of the awakening of sexual consciousness in the children they have studied. But I believe that the children who furnished material for the first psycho-analysts were the children of people racially different, and different in their conceptions of permissible caresses and endearments from my family. What they say[56] may be true of Austrian Jews and Levantines and yet not true of English or Irish. I cannot remember and I cannot trace any continuity between my infantile physical reactions and my personal sexual life. I believe that all the infantile sensuality of suckling and so forth on which so much stress is laid, was never carried on into the permanent mental fabric, was completely washed out in forgetfulness; never coagulated into sub-conscious memories; it was as though it had never been. I cannot detect any mother fixation, any Oedipus complex or any of that stuff in my make up. My mother’s kisses were significant acts, expressions not caresses. As a small boy I found no more sexual significance about my always decent and seemly mother than I did about the chairs and sofa in our parlour.

It is quite possible that while there is a direct continuity of the sexual subconsciousness from parent to child in the southern and eastern Europeans, due to a sustained habit of caresses and intimacy, the psycho-sexual processes of the northern and western Europeans and Americans arise de novo in each generation after a complete break with and forgetfulness of the mother-babe reaction, and so are fundamentally different in their form and sequence. At any rate I am convinced that my own sexual life began in a naïve direct admiration for the lovely bodies, as they seemed, of those political divinities of Tenniel’s in Punch, and that my first inklings of desire were roused by them and by the plaster casts of Greek statuary that adorned the Crystal Palace. I do not think there was any sub-conscious contribution from preceding events to that response; my mind was inherently ready for it. My mother had instilled in me the impropriety of not wearing clothes, so that my first attraction towards Venus was shamefaced and furtive, but the dear woman never suspected the stimulating influence of Britannia, Erin, Columbia and the rest of them upon my awakening susceptibilities.

It is true that I worshipped them at first in a quasi infantile fashion, but that does not imply continuity of experience. When I went to bed I used to pillow my head on their great arms and breasts. Gradually they ceased to be gigantic. They took me in their arms and I embraced them, but nevertheless I remained fundamentally[57] ignorant and innocent until I went to school after my accident. I found women lovely and worshipful before I was seven years old, and well before I came down to what we call nowadays the “facts of sex.” But now that my interest was aroused I became acutely observant of a print or a statuette in a shop window. I do not think my interest at that time was purely hetero-sexual. My world was so clothed and covered up, and the rules of decency were so established in me, that any revelation of the body was an exciting thing.

Now that I had arrived at knickerbockers and the reading of books, I was sent to a little private school in the High Street, Bromley, for boys between seven and fifteen, and from my schoolmates I speedily learnt in the grossest way, imparted with guffaws and gestures, “the facts of sex,” and all those rude words that express them, from which my mother had hitherto shielded me.

None of these boys came from bookish homes so that I had from the outset a queer relative wideness of outlook. I knew all sorts of things about lands and beasts and times of which they had never heard. And I had developed a facility for drawing, which in them was altogether dormant. So that I passed for an exceptionally bright and clever little boy and the schoolmaster would invoke “Young Seven Years Old,” to shame the obtuseness of my elders. They were decent enough not to visit it upon me. Among boys from more literate homes I should have had none of these outstanding advantages, but I took them naturally enough as an intrinsic superiority, and they made me rather exceptionally self-conceited and confident.

The clash of these gross revelations about the apparatus of sex with my secret admiration for the bodily beauty of women, and with this personal conceit of mine, determined to a large extent my mental and perhaps my physical development. It imposed a reserve upon me that checked a native outspokenness. That a certain amount of masturbation is a normal element in the emergence of sexual consciousness was in those days almost passionately concealed by the English-speaking world. Yet probably no normal individual altogether escapes that response to the stir of approaching adolescence.[58] To my generation it was allowed to come as a horrifying, astounding, perplexing individual discovery. Without guidance and recognition, and black with shame, it ran inevitably into a variety of unwholesome channels. Upon many boys and girls it became localized in the parts more immediately affected and exercised an overwhelming fascination. The school had its exhibitionist and ran with a dirty whispered and giggling undertow. Among the boarders, many of whom slept two in a bed, there was certainly much simple substitutional homosexuality. Personally I recoiled, even more than I cared to show, from mere phallicism. I did not so much begin masturbation as have it happen to me as a natural outcome of my drowsy clasping of my goddesses. I had so to speak a one-sided love affair with the bedding.

I never told a soul about it because I was ashamed and feared ridicule or indignant reproof. Very early I got hold of the idea, I do not know how, that Venus could drain away my energy, and this kept my lapses from ideal “purity” within very definite bounds indeed. There was also a certain amount of superstitious terror to restrain me. Maybe this was that sin against the Holy Ghost that could never be forgiven, that damned inevitably. That worried a brother of mine more than it did me, but I think it worried me also. I was eleven or twelve years old before religion began to fall to pieces in my consciousness.

So at the age of seven (and, to be exact, three quarters), when I went up the High Street to Morley’s school for the first time, a rather white-faced little boy in a holland pinafore and carrying a small green baize satchel for my books, I had already between me and my bleak Protestant God, a wide wide world of snowy mountains, Arctic regions, tropical forests, prairies and deserts and high seas, cities and armies, Indians, negroes and island savages, gorillas, great carnivores, elephants, rhinoceroses and whales, about which I was prepared to talk freely, and cool and strange below it all a cavernous world of nameless goddess mistresses of which I never breathed a word to any human being.[59]

CHAPTER THE THIRD

SCHOOLBOY

§ 1

Mr. Morley’s Commercial Academy (1874-1880)

This march up the High Street to Mr. Thomas Morley’s Academy begins a new phase in the story of the brain that J. W. and his Saddie had launched into the world. Bromley Academy was a school in the ancient tradition, but the culmination of my schooling was to occur in the most modern and advanced of colleges then in existence, the science schools at South Kensington. It was a queer discontinuous series of educational processes through which my brain was passed, very characteristic of the continual dislocations of that time.

The germinating forces of that Modern World-State which is now struggling into ordered being, were already thrusting destructively amidst the comparative stabilities of the old eighteenth century order before I was born. There was already a railway station on the Dover line and this was supplemented, when I was about twelve years old, by a second line branching off from the Chislehurst line at Grove Park. The place which had been hardly more than a few big houses, a little old market place and a straggling High Street upon the high road, with two coaching inns and a superabundance of small “pull-up” beerhouses, was stimulated to a vigorous growth in population. Steadily London drew it closer and suburbanized it. No one foresaw its growth except a few speculative jerry-builders; no one in the world prepared for even the most obvious consequences of that growth. Shops and dwellings of the type of my[60] home were “run up” anyhow. Slum conditions appeared almost at once in courts and muddy by-ways. Yet all around were open fields and common land, Bromley Common, Chislehurst Common, great parks like Sundridge Park and Camden, and to the south the wide heathery spaces about Keston Fish Ponds and Down.

The new order of things that was appearing in the world when I was born, was already arousing a consciousness of the need for universal elementary education. It was being realized by the ruling classes that a nation with a lower stratum of illiterates would compete at a disadvantage against the foreigner. A condition of things in which everyone would read and write and do sums, dawned on the startled imagination of mankind. The British and the National Schools, which had existed for half a century in order to make little Nonconformists and little Churchmen, were organized into a state system under the Elementary Education Act of 1871 and supplemented by Board Schools (designed to make little Unsectarian Christians). Bromley was served by a National School. That was all that the district possessed in the way of public education. It was the mere foundation of an education. It saw to the children up to the age of thirteen or even fourteen, and no further. Beyond that the locality had no public provision for technical education or the development of artistic or scientific ability whatever. Even that much of general education had been achieved against considerable resistance. There was a strong objection in those days to the use of public funds for the education of “other people’s children,” and school pennies were exacted weekly from the offspring of everyone not legally indigent.

But side by side with that nineteenth-century National School under the Education Act, the old eighteenth-century order was still carrying on in Bromley, just as it was still carrying on in my mother’s mind. In the eighteenth century the lower classes did not pretend to read or write, but the members of the tenant-farmer, shopkeeper, innkeeper, upper servant stratum, which was then, relatively to the labourers, a larger part of the community, either availed themselves of the smaller endowed schools which came down from[61] the mental stir of the Reformation, or, in the absence of any such school in their neighbourhood, supported little private schools of their own. These private schools were struggling along amidst the general dissolution, shuffling and reconstruction of society that was already manifest in the middle nineteenth century, and the Academy of Mr. Thomas Morley was a fairly well preserved specimen, only slightly modernized, of the departing order of things.

He had opened school for himself in 1849, having previously filled the post of usher at an old-established school that closed down in that year. He was Scotch and not of eminent academic attainments; his first prospectus laid stress on “writing in both plain and ornamental style, Arithmetic logically, and History with special reference to Ancient Egypt.” Ancient Egypt and indeed most of the History except lists of dates, pedigrees and enactments, had dropped from the school outlook long before I joined it, for even Bromley Academy moved a little with the times, but there was still great stress on copperplate flourishes, long addition sums and book-keeping. Morley was a bald portly spectacled man with a strawberry nose and ginger-grey whiskers, who considered it due to himself and us to wear a top hat, an ample frock-coat, and a white tie, and to carry himself with invariable dignity and make a frequent use of “Sir.” Except for a certain assistance with the little ones from Mrs. Morley, a stout ringleted lady in black silk and a gold chain, he ran the school alone. It was a single room built out over a scullery; there were desks round the walls and two, of six places each, in the centre, with a stove between which warmed the place in winter. His bedroom window opened upon the schoolroom, and beneath it, in the corner of the room, was his desk, the great ink bottle from which the ink-wells were replenished, the pile of slates and the incessant cane, with which he administered justice, either in spasmodic descents upon our backs and hindquarters, or after formal accusations, by smacks across the palm of the hand. He also hit us with his hands anywhere, and with books, rulers and anything else that came handy, and his invective and derision were terrific. Also we were made to stand on the rickety forms and hold[62] out books and slates until our arms ached. And in this way he urged us—I suppose our numbers varied from twenty-five to thirty-five—along the path of learning that led in the more successful instances to the examinations, conducted by an association of private schoolmasters, for their mutual reassurance, known as the College of Preceptors, (with special certificates for book-keeping) and then to jobs as clerks.

About half the boys were boarders drawn from London public houses or other homes unsuitable for growing youth. There were a few day-boarders from outlying farms, who took their dinner in the house. The rest were sons of poorish middle-class people in the town. We assembled at nine and went on to twelve and again from two to five, and between these hours, except when the windows were open in warm weather, the atmosphere grew steadily more fœtid and our mental operations more sluggish and confused.

It is very difficult to give any facts about this dominie and his Academy which do not carry with them a quality of Dickens-like caricature. He ranted at us from his desk in the quaintest fashion; he took violent dislikes and betrayed irrational preferences; the educational tradition from which he arose and which is so manifest in that first prospectus already quoted, was in the same world with Miss Riley’s school at Chichester which did so much to shape my mother; it was antiquated, pretentious, superficial and meagre; and yet there was something good about old Morley and something good for me. I have an impression that with a certain honesty he was struggling out of that tradition and trying to make something of us. That “College of Preceptors” was not only a confederation of private schools to keep up appearances; it was a mutual improvement society, it was a voluntary modernizing movement. It ran lectures on educational method and devised examinations for teaching diplomas. Morley had learnt a lot between his start in 1849 and the days when I was his pupil. He had become an Associate, and then a Licentiate of this self-constituted college, by examination, and each examination had involved a paper or so on teaching method. I believe his teaching, such as it was, was better than that of the[63] crudely trained mechanical grant earners of the contemporary National School which was the only local alternative, and that my mother’s instinct was a sound one in sending us all to this antiquated middle-class establishment.

Yet if I describe a day’s work in that dusty, dingy, ill-ventilated schoolroom, there will not be a qualified teacher in the world beneath the age of fifty who will not consider it frightful. A lifetime ago it would have seemed perfectly normal schooling.

Few people realize the immense changes that the organization and mechanism of popular teaching have undergone in the past century. They have changed more than housing or transport. Before that dawn of a new way of life, began that slow reluctant dawn in which we are still living, the vast majority of people throughout the world had no schooling at all, and of the educated minority, literate rather than educated, by far the larger proportion—in India and China and Arabia quite as much as in Europe—did their learning in some such makeshift place as this outbuilding of Morley’s, in the purlieus of a mosque, for example, under a tree in India or beneath an Irish hedge, as members of a bunch of twenty or so ill-assorted pupils of all ages and sizes and often of both sexes, between six and sixteen. Schools large enough to classify were the exception, and there were rarely more than one or two teachers. Specially built school houses were almost unknown. A room designed and equipped for teaching and containing a manageable class of youngsters in the same phase of development, is comparatively a new thing in human experience, even for the young of the privileged orders. And necessarily under these old conditions teaching had to be intermittent because the teacher’s mind could not confront all that diversity of reaction between childishness and adolescence at the same time; necessarily he had to contrive exercises and activities to keep this group and that quiet while he expounded to another. He was like some very ordinary chess player who had undertaken to play thirty games of chess simultaneously. He was an unqualified mental obstetrician doing his work wholesale. Necessarily the phases and quality of his teaching depended on his moods. At times Morley[64] was really trying to get something over to us; at others he was digesting, or failing to digest, his midday meal; he was in a phase of accidie; he was suffering from worry or grievance; he was amazed at life and revolted by his dependence upon us; he felt the world was rushing past him; he had got up late and omitted to shave and was struggling with an overwhelming desire to leave us all and repair the omission.

So the primary impressions left upon my brain by that Academy are not impressions of competent elucidation and guidance, of a universe being made plain to me or of skills being acquired and elaborated, but of the moods of Mr. Thomas Morley and their consequences. At times his attention was altogether distracted; he was remote upon his throne in the corner, as aloof almost as my mother’s God, and then we would relax from the tasks or exercises he had set us and indulge in furtive but strenuous activities of our own. We would talk and tell each other stories—I had a mind suitably equipped by my reading for boyish saga telling and would go on interminably—draw on our slates, play marbles, noughts and crosses and suchlike games, turn out our pockets, swap things, indulge in pinching and punching matches, eat sweets, read penny dreadfuls, do anything, indeed, but the work in hand. Sometimes it would be whispered in the drowsy digestive first hour of the afternoon, “Old Tommy’s asleep,” and we would watch him sink slowly and beautifully down and down into slumber, terminated by a snore and a start. If at last he got off completely, spectacles askew over his folded arms, a kind of silent wildness would come upon us. We would stand up to make fantastic, insulting and obscene gestures, leave our places to creep noiselessly as far as we dared. He would awaken abruptly, conscience awake also, inflict sudden punishment on some belated adventurer; and then would come a strenuous hour of driving work.

Sometimes he would leave us altogether upon his private occasions. Then it was our bounden duty to kick up all the row we could, to get out of our places and wrestle, to “go for” enemies, to produce the secreted catapult or pea-shooter, to pelt with chewed[65] paper and books. I can taste the dust and recall the din as I write of it. In the midst of the uproar the blind of the bedroom window would be raised, silently, swiftly. Morley, razor in hand and his face covered with soapsuds, would be discovered glaring at us through the glass, marking down sinners for punishment, a terrifying visage. Up would go the window. “You HOUNDS! You Miserable Hounds!” Judgments followed.

The spells of intensive teaching came irregularly, except for Friday afternoon, which was consecrated invariably to the breathless pursuit of arithmetic. There were also whole afternoons of “book-keeping by double entry” upon sheets of paper, when we pursued imaginary goods and cash payments with pen and ruler and even red ink, to a final Profit and Loss Account and a Balance Sheet. We wrote in copybooks and he came, peering and directing, over our shoulders. There was only one way in which a pen might be held; it was a matter of supreme importance; there was only one angle at which writing might slope. I was disposed to be unorthodox in this respect, and my knuckles suffered.

The production of good clerks (with special certificates for book-keeping) was certainly one of the objectives of Mr. Thomas Morley’s life. The safety, comfort and dignity of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Morley and Miss Morley were no doubt a constant preoccupation. But also there was interest in wider and more fundamental things. There was a sense in him that some things were righter than others, a disposition to assert as much, and a real desire for things to be done well. His studies for the diplomas of A.C.P. and L.C.P. (Associate and Licentiate of the College of Preceptors), low though the requirements were, absurdly low by our present standards, had awakened him to the pleasures of certain mental exercises; a mathematical problem, a logical demonstration. When he found that I could be interested by the grammatical analysis of a complicated sentence or the solution of some elementary mathematical problem, he took a liking to me and showed me much more attention than he gave to the more obdurate material he had to deal with, minds stirred to a high level of evasion and resistance by his clumsy,[66] medieval, impatient and aggressive methods of approach. He never gave me a nickname and never singled me out for an abusive tirade.

When I left his school at the age of thirteen (bracketed with a fellow pupil first in all England for book-keeping, so far, that is to say, as England was covered by the College of Preceptors), whatever else I had missed, I had certainly acquired the ability to use English with some precision and delicacy, even if the accent was a Cockney one, and I had quite as good a mathematical apparatus as most boys of the same age get at a public school nowadays. I had read about as much of Euclid as it was customary to read, made a fair start with trigonometry and was on the verge of the calculus. But most of the other stuff I got was bad. Old Tommy taught French out of a crammer’s textbook, and, in spite of the fact that he had on several occasions visited Boulogne, he was quite unable to talk in that elusive tongue; so I learnt hardly anything about it except its conjugations and long lists of “exceptions,” so useful in written examinations and so unimportant in ordinary life. He crippled my French for life. He made me vowel-shy in every language.

I do not think he read much. He was not generally curious. My reading habit I developed at home and do not recall that Morley ever directed my attention to any book, unless it was some cheap school textbook used in my work. But at times he would get excited by his morning paper and then we would have a discourse on the geography of the North West Frontier with an appeal to a decaying yellow map of Asia that hung on the wall, or we would follow the search for Livingstone by Stanley in Darkest Africa. He had traces of early Radicalism and a Republican turn of mind; he would discourse upon the extravagant Parliamentary grants made in those days to the various members of the Royal Family when they married, and about the unnecessary costliness of the army and navy. He believed that Mr. Gladstone really stood for “Peace, Retrenchment and Reform.” All sorts of Radical principles may have filtered into my receptive mind from these obiter dicta.

Geoffrey West, in the exact and careful biography he wrote of me some years ago, is unjust to this old-world pedagogue because he[67] measures him by his own twentieth-century standards with only the later nineteenth century as a background. Against the eighteenth-century background from which he derived, Thomas Morley was by no means so contemptible. West says he favoured a few willing boys with his instructions and let the rest drift. But that happened in all the schools; it was an inevitable aspect of those small miscellaneous schools with single untrained teachers. To-day every teacher still “favours” the willing boy. That sort of favouritism will go on to the end of time. That old gentleman (A.C.P., L.C.P.) walking with a portly gravity that was all his own, hands clasped behind his back, at the tail of the crocodile of ill-assorted undrilled boys, steering them to the best of his ability into the future, taking them to church or for a walk or to the cricket field, is by no means such a dismal memory of inefficiency as West suggests. Bromley Academy had very little of the baseness which pervaded Dotheboys Hall.

But Geoffrey West, in that same book, called my attention to an interesting resemblance between Morley’s school and the school of Charles Dickens, a third of a century earlier, of which I should otherwise be ignorant. There was a continual bickering between us and the boys of the National School, bickering which rose occasionally to the level of a pitched battle with staves and sticks upon Martin’s Hill, at that time a waste and now a trim recreation ground. For some unknown reason we were called “Morley’s Bull Dogs” and the elementary school boys were called, by us at any rate, “Bromley Water Rats” and “Cads.” Now the Dickens parallel was “Baker’s Bull Dogs” and “Troy Town Rats.” Evidently this hostility between the boys of the old type of private schools and those of the new denominational schools, was of long standing, and widespread and almost stereotyped in its expression.

Geoffrey West thinks the antagonism was “snobbish,” but that is a loose word to use for a very interesting conflict of divergent ideas and social tendencies. He probably considers the National Schools were “democratic” schools, like the common schools of the United States, “all class” schools, but that is a mistaken view. In spirit, form and intention they were inferior schools, and to send[68] one’s children to them in those days, as my mother understood perfectly well, was a definite and final acceptance of social inferiority. The Education Act of 1871 was not an Act for a common universal education, it was an Act to educate the lower classes for employment on lower-class lines, and with specially trained, inferior teachers who had no university quality. If Tommy Morley could not sport a university gown and hood, he could at least claim to wear a gown and hood as an L.C.P. (by royal charter), that was indistinguishable to the common eye from the real thing. He had all the dignity, if little of the substance, of scholarship. The more ancient middle-class schools, whatever their faults, were saturated with the spirit of individual self-reliance and individual dignity, with an idea, however pretentious, of standards “a little above the common,” with a feeling (however vulgarized, debased and under-nourished) of Noblesse oblige. Certain things we could not do and certain things were expected of us because of our class. Most of the bickering of Morley’s Bull Dogs was done against odds, and on the whole we held our own. I think it was a very lucky thing for me personally that I acquired this much class feeling.

I have never believed in the superiority of the inferior. My want of enthusiasm for the Proletarian ideal goes back to the Battle of Martin’s Hill. If I was in almost unconcealed revolt against my mother’s deferential attitude to royalty and our social superiors, it was because my resentful heart claimed at least an initial equality with every human being; but it was equality of position and opportunity I was after, and not equality of respect or reward; I certainly had no disposition to sacrifice my conceit of being made of better stuff, intrinsically and inherently, than most other human beings, by any self-identification with people who frankly took the defeated attitude. I thought the top of the form better than the bottom of the form, and the boy who qualified better than the boy who failed to qualify. I am not going to argue at this point whether such a state of mind is desirable or creditable to anyone; my biographical duty is to record that so it was with me. So far as the masses went I was[69] entirely of my mother’s way of thinking; I was middle-class,—”petty bourgeois” as the Marxists have it.

Just as my mother was obliged to believe in Hell, but hoped that no one would go there, so did I believe there was and had to be a lower stratum, though I was disgusted to find that anyone belonged to it. I did not think this lower stratum merited any respect. It might arouse sympathy for its bad luck or indignation for an unfair handicap. That was a different matter. My thought, as I shall trace its development in this history, has run very close to communist lines, but my conception of a scientifically organized class-less society is essentially of an expanded middle-class which has incorporated both the aristocrat and plutocrat above and the peasant, proletarian and pauper below.

Trotsky has recorded that Lenin, after his one conversation with me, said that I was incurably middle-class. So far Lenin was a sound observer. He, and Trotsky also, were of the same vital social stratum; they had indeed both started life from a far more advantageous level than I had; but the discolouration of their stream of thought by Marxist pretences and sentimentalities, had blinded them to their own essential quality. My conversation with Lenin turned entirely on the “liquidation” of the peasant and the urban toiler—by large-scale agriculture and power machinery. Lenin was just as much for that as I was, we were talking about the same thing in the same spirit; but we said the same thing as though it was a different thing because our minds were tuned in different keys.

§ 2

Puerile View of the World (1878-79)

(August 4th, 1933). I have been trying, for a day or so, to reconstruct my vision of the world as I had it in those days, to restore the state of my brain as it was about 1878 or 9 when I was in mid schoolboy stage. I find it an almost impossible task. I find it impossible to disentangle the things I saw and read before I was thirteen,[70] from the things that came afterwards. The old ideas and impressions were made over in accordance with new material, they were used up to make the new equipment. This reconstruction went on from day to day, and so, in order and detail, they are lost beyond recovery. Yet impossible as it is to get any focussed clearness and exactitude here, it is equally impossible to ignore this phase of completed puerility. My formal education came to a break at that date, was held up for two years and more before it resumed, at a stage at which the brains of great multitudes of English people halted for good, and at which (or at parallel levels) I believe multitudes still halt all over the world. This mass of human beings halting in puerility, is the determining factor in most of the alarming political and social processes of to-day.

In the universe in which my brain was living in 1879 there was no nonsense about time being space or anything of that sort. There were three dimensions, up and down, fore and aft and right and left, and I never heard of a fourth dimension until 1884 or there-about. Then I thought it was a witticism. Space went on for ever in every direction, good Newtonian space. I felt it must be rather empty and cheerless beyond the stars, but I did not let my mind dwell on that. My God, who by this time had become entirely disembodied, had been diffused through this space since the beginning of things. He was already quite abstracted from the furious old hell-and-heaven Thunder God of my childish years. His personality had faded. My mind had been unobtrusively taking the sense of reality out of the Trinity and the Atonement and the other dogmas of official christianity. I felt there must be some mistake about all that, but I had not yet sat down to make any philosophy of my own by which these strange beliefs could be arraigned. I had simply withdrawn my attention. If I had had a catholic upbringing with intercessory individualized saints and local and special Virgins, that tacit withdrawal might have been less easy. Yes or no might have been forced upon me. I might have come earlier to positive disbelief.

Occasionally I would find myself praying—always to God simply. He remained a God spread all over space and time, yet nevertheless[71] he was capable of special response and magic changes in the order of events. I would pray when I was losing a race, or in trouble in an examination room, or frightened. I expected prompt attention. In my first book-keeping examination by the College of Preceptors I could not get my accounts to balance. I prayed furiously. The bell rang, the invigilator hovered over my last frantic efforts. I desisted reluctantly, “All right, God,” I said, “catch me praying again.” I was then about twelve.

Through this universe with its diffused Space-God spun the earth, moving amidst the stars along paths that were difficult to understand and still more difficult to remember. I was constantly reading that the earth was a mere pin point in space; that if the sun was as big as St. Paul’s dome, the earth would be a strawberry pip somewhere in the suburbs, and many similar illustrative facts, but directly I took my mind off these explicit statements, the pip grew bigger and bigger and I grew even faster. St. Paul’s dome stuck where it was and the very Nebulæ came within range again. My mind insisted on that. Just as it insisted that God was always within range. Otherwise it had no use for them.

The earth, directly one let go of one’s cosmic facts, expanded again like a vehemently inflated soap bubble, until it filled the entire picture. One did not see all round it in those days. It had mystery at its North and South Poles and Darkest Africa on its equator. Poe’s Narrative of A. Gordon Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south polar regions a century ago. The poor old earth in those days had a hard crust and a molten interior and naturally suffered from chronic indigestion, earthquakes, rumblings, and eruptions. It has since solidified considerably.

Moreover it already had a past which was rapidly opening out to men’s minds in those days. I first became aware of that past in the gardens of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham; it came upon me as a complete surprise, embodied in vast plaster reconstructions of the megatherium and various dinosaurs and a toadlike labyrinthodon (for at first labyrinthodons were supposed to have had toadlike bodies). I was having one of those acute bilious attacks that always[72] happened in the afternoons when I was taken to the Crystal Palace, and that made the impression none the less formidable. My mother explained that these were Antediluvian Animals. They had been left out of the ark, I guessed, on account of their size, but even then there seemed something a little wrong in the suggestion that the ichthyosaurus had been drowned in a flood.

Somewhen later I pored over Humboldt’s Cosmos and began to learn something of geological time. But by means of accepting the gloss that the Days of Creation meant geological ages, nothing really essential was changed in the past of my universe. There was merely an extension. The Creation, though further off, remained still as the hard and fast beginning of time, before which there was nothing, just as a very pyrotechnic Day of Judgment “when time shall be no more” closed the vista at the other end. Ultimate emptiness bounded my universe in space and time alike. “Someday we shall know all,” said my mother in response to my questions about what lay beyond, and with that for a time I had to be content.

Whatever else I doubted, I was incapable at that age of doubting my immortality. I had never known the universe without my consciousness and I could not imagine the universe without my consciousness. I doubt if any young things can really do so. The belief in immortality is tacit and formless in young animals, but it is there. The fear of death is not fear of extinction but a fear of something unknown and utterly disagreeable. I thought I was going on and on—when I thought of continuance at all. I had passed the College of Preceptors’ examination very well, so why shouldn’t I get through the Day of Judgment? But the world was just then so immediately full of interesting things, that I did not put in much time at the fundamental and eternal questions beyond.

It was made a matter of general congratulation about me that I was English. The flavour of J. R. Green’s recently published (1874) History of the English People had drifted to me either directly or at second-hand, and my mind had leapt all too readily to the idea that I was a blond and blue-eyed Nordic, quite the best make of human being known. England was consciously Teutonic in those[73] days, the monarchy and Thomas Carlyle were strong influences in that direction; we talked of our “Keltic fringe” and ignored our Keltic infiltration; and the defeat of France in 1870-71 seemed to be the final defeat of the decadent Latin peoples. This blended very well with the anti-Roman Catholic influence of the eighteenth-century Protestant training, a distrust and hostility that remained quite vivid when much else of that teaching had faded. We English, by sheer native superiority, practically without trying, had possessed ourselves of an Empire on which the sun never set, and through the errors and infirmities of other races were being forced slowly but steadily—and quite modestly—towards world dominion.

All that was quite settled in my head, as I carried my green-baize satchel to and fro between Morley’s school and my dismal bankrupt home, and if you had suddenly confronted me with a Russian prince or a rajah in all his glory and suggested he was my equal, I should either have laughed you to scorn or been very exasperated with you about it.

I was taught no history but English History, which after some centuries of royal criminality, civil wars and wars in France, achieved the Reformation and blossomed out into the Empire; and I learnt hardly any geography but British geography. It was only from casual reading that I gathered that quite a number of things had happened and quite a number of interesting things existed outside the world of English affairs. But I looked at pictures of the Taj Mahal, the Colosseum and the Pyramids in very much the same spirit as I listened to stories about the Wonders of Animal Intelligence (beavers, bees, birds’ nests, breeding habits of the salmon, etc.). They did not shake my profound satisfaction with the self, the township, the county, the nation, the Empire and the outlook that was mine.

In those days I had ideas about Aryans extraordinarily like Mr. Hitler’s. The more I hear of him the more I am convinced that his mind is almost the twin of my thirteen year old mind in 1879; but heard through a megaphone and—implemented. I do not know from what books I caught my first glimpse of the Great Aryan[74] People going to and fro in the middle plains of Europe, spreading east, west, north and south, varying their consonants according to Grimm’s Law as they did so, and driving the inferior breeds into the mountains. But they formed a picturesque background to the duller facts of ancient history. Their ultimate triumphs everywhere squared accounts with the Jews, against which people I had a subconscious dissatisfaction because of their disproportionate share of Holy Writ. I thought Abraham, Isaac, Moses and David loathsome creatures and fit associates for Our Father, but unlike Hitler I had no feelings about the contemporary Jew. Quite a number of the boarders in the Bromley Academy were Jewish and I was not aware of it. My particular pal, Sidney Bowkett, was I think unconsciously Jewish; the point never arose.

I had reveries—I indulged a great deal in reverie until I was fifteen or sixteen, because my active imagination was not sufficiently employed—and I liked especially to dream that I was a great military dictator like Cromwell, a great republican like George Washington or like Napoleon in his earlier phases. I used to fight battles whenever I went for a walk alone. I used to walk about Bromley, a small rather undernourished boy, meanly clad and whistling detestably between his teeth, and no one suspected that a phantom staff pranced about me and phantom orderlies galloped at my commands, to shift the guns and concentrate fire on those houses below, to launch the final attack upon yonder distant ridge. The citizens of Bromley town go out to take the air on Martin’s Hill and look towards Shortland across the fields where once meandered the now dried-up and vanished Ravensbourne, with never a suspicion of the orgies of bloodshed I once conducted there. Martin’s Hill indeed is one of the great battlegrounds of history. Scores of times the enemy skirmishers have come across those levels, followed by the successive waves of the infantry attack, while I, outnumbered five to one, manœuvred my guns round, the guns I had refrained so grimly from using too soon in spite of the threat to my centre, to enfilade them suddenly from the curving slopes towards Beckenham. “Crash,” came the first shell, and then crash and crash. They were mown[75] down by the thousand. They straggled up the steep slopes wavering. And then came the shattering counter attack, and I and my cavalry swept the broken masses away towards Croydon, pressed them ruthlessly through a night of slaughter on to the pitiful surrender of the remnant at dawn by Keston Fish Ponds.

And I entered conquered, or rescued, towns riding at the head of my troops, with my cousins and my schoolfellows recognizing me with surprise from the windows. And kings and presidents, and the great of the earth, came to salute my saving wisdom. I was simple even in victory. I made wise and firm decisions, about morals and customs and particularly about those Civil Service Stores which had done so much to bankrupt my father. With inveterate enemies, monarchists, Roman Catholics, non-Aryans and the like I was grimly just. Stern work—but my duty….

In fact Adolf Hitler is nothing more than one of my thirteen year old reveries come real. A whole generation of Germans has failed to grow up.

My head teemed with such stuff in those days. But it is interesting to remark that while my mind was full of international conflicts, alliances, battleships and guns, I was blankly ignorant about money or any of the machinery of economic life. I never dreamed of making dams, opening ship canals, irrigating deserts or flying. I had no inkling of the problem of ways and means; I knew nothing and, therefore, I cared nothing of how houses were built, commodities got and the like. I think that was because nothing existed to catch and turn my imagination in that direction. There was no literature to enhance all that. I think there is no natural bias towards bloodshed in imaginative youngsters, but the only vivid and inspiring things that history fed me with were campaigns and conquests. In Soviet Russia they tell me they have altered all that.

For many years my adult life was haunted by the fading memories of those early war fantasies. Up to 1914, I found a lively interest in playing a war game, with toy soldiers and guns, that recalled the peculiar quality and pleasure of those early reveries. It was quite an amusing model warfare and I have given its primary rules in a[76] small book “for boys and girls of all ages” Little Wars. I have met men in responsible positions, L. S. Amery for example, Winston Churchill, George Trevelyan, C. F. G. Masterman, whose imaginations were manifestly built upon a similar framework and who remained puerile in their political outlook because of its persistence. I like to think I grew up out of that stage somewhen between 1916 and 1920 and began to think about war as a responsible adult should.

I recall no marked sexual or personal elements in my early reveries. Until my adolescence, sex fancies came to me only in that dim phase between waking and sleeping. I gave myself gladly and willingly to my warfare, but I was shy of sex; I resisted any urge I may have had towards personal romancing and sensuous fantasies.

My sexual trend was, I think, less marked or more under control when I was twelve and thirteen, than it was when I was nine or ten. My primary curiosities had been satisfied and strong physical urgencies were still unawakened.

My two brothers played only a very small part in this early mental development, my Hitler phase. One was nine years older than I and already bound apprentice to a draper; the other was four years my senior and presently suffered the same fate. They were too far away from me. My elder brother Frank was one of those mischievous boys who mix much natural ingenuity with an aggressive sense of humour. He was, said my mother, a “dreadful tease.” He took a lively interest in machinery and fireworks and making people sit up. He fiddled with clocks and steam engines until some accident ensued and with gunpowder until it exploded. He connected all the bell wires in my Uncle Tom’s hotel so that with no great extra expenditure of labour, a visitor rang not only his own bell, but every bell in the place. But Frank gained nothing but unpopularity by this device. He haunted the railway station, worshipping the engines and hoping for something to happen. One day at Windsor he got on to a shunting engine standing in a siding and pulled at a lever and found great difficulty in pulling it back. By that time he was half a mile down the line—and no longer a persona grata upon the[77] South Western Railway Company’s premises. The pursuing driver had to think first of his engine and so my brother got clean away and survived the adventure. This disposition to fiddle with levers made Frank a leader in his generation. A gang followed him to see what would happen next. He was always in trouble. But he found trouble was less complicated if he kept me out of it. I did not share these escapades. Freddy was a more orderly youngster, but he was sent to a different private school for most of my time at Morley’s.

Later on I grew up to my brothers, so to speak, and had great talks with them. With Frank, the eldest, indeed, I developed a considerable companionship in my teens and we had some great holiday walks together. But at the time of which I am writing all that had still to come.

Our home was not one of those where general ideas are discussed at table. My mother’s ready orthodox formulæ were very effective in suppressing any such talk. So my mind developed almost as if I were an only child.

My childish relations with my brothers varied between vindictive resentment and clamorous aggression. I made a terrific fuss if my toys or games were touched and I displayed great vigour in acquiring their more attractive possessions. I bit and scratched my brothers and I kicked their shins, because I was a sturdy little boy who had to defend himself; but they had to go very easily with me because I was a delicate little fellow who might easily be injured and was certain to yell. On one occasion, I quite forget now what the occasion was, I threw a fork across the dinner table at Frank, and I can still remember very vividly the missile sticking in his forehead where it left three little scars for a year or so and did no other harm; and I have an equally clear memory of a smashed window behind the head of my brother Freddy, the inrush of cold air and dismay, after I had flung a wooden horse at him. Finally they hit upon an effectual method of at once silencing me and punishing me. They would capture me in our attic and suffocate me with pillows. I couldn’t cry out and I had to give in. I can still feel the stress of that suffocation. Why they did not suffocate me for good and all,[78] I do not know. They had no way of checking what was going on under the pillow until they took it off and looked.

I got more mental stimulus from some of my schoolfellows who were of an age with me. I felt the need of some companionship, some relief from reading and lonely reverie. I used to stay on at school after lesson time and go for walks or into the cricket field with the boarders, on holiday afternoons. My cricket was always poor because of my unsuspected astigmatism, but my participation was valued on account of my ready access to stumps and bats and used balls. I had a curious sort of alliance with the son of a London publican, Sidney Bowkett. We started with a great fight at the age of eight, in which we whacked at each other for the better part of an hour, and after that we conceived such a respect for each other that we decided not to fall out again. We became chums. We developed the tactics of combined attack upon bigger boys and so established a sort of joint dominance long before we were the legitimate seniors of the school.

We two talked a lot in and out of school, but what we talked about is not very clear in my mind now. There was probably a lot of bragging about what we meant to do with life. We were both very confident, because we both outclassed all the other boys we knew of our age, and that gave us an unjustified sense of distinctive ability. He was much better looking, more attractive, quicker witted and more aggressive and adventurous than I; his verbal memory was better and his arithmetic quicker and more accurate, but he was quite out of the running with me when it came to drawing, elementary mathematics or that mass of partially digested reading which one may call general knowledge. Sometimes we acted being explorers or great leaders in a sort of dramatized reverie, wherein I supplied most of the facts. Sometimes we helped each other out with long sagas about Puss the Cat, a sort of puss-in-boots, invented by my brother Fred and me, or Ally Sloper, the great comic character of cockneydom at that time, or the adventures of Bert Wells and the Boker Boy. They went to Central Africa, to the Polar regions, down the Maelstrom and up the Himalayas; they made much[79] use of balloons and diving suits, though aeroplanes were outside their imaginations. A great deal of that romancing embodied our bright receptiveness to things about us.

Bowkett’s interest was more quickly aroused and livelier than mine, but he had very little invention. He was one of those who see quickly and vividly and say “Look,” a sort of people to whom I owe much. Later on I was to have a great friendship with Rebecca West who had that quality of saying “Look” for me, in an even greater degree. I never knew anyone else who could so light up and colour and intensify an impression. Without such stimulus I note things, they register themselves in my mind, but I do not actively notice them of my own accord. Together Bowkett and I could get no end of fun out of a casually encountered rat or an odd butterfly, a stray beetle or an easily climbed tree, which I alone would have ticked off at a glance and passed. We would go through private gardens and trespass together “for to see and to know.”

I do not remember talking very much about sexual matters with Bowkett and what we said was highly romanticized and unimportant. We were decent and shy about all that. Yet we knew all the indecent words in the language, we could be astonishingly foul-mouthed in moments of exaltation and showing off; and we were in no way ignorant. But we were not at that time acutely interested. It is only, I think, where small boys in the early teens are in close contact with older youths, youths of sixteen or seventeen whose minds are festering with desire, as they are in English Public Schools, that they can be obsessed by gross sexuality. And then they are not pleasantly obsessed. Naturally boys in the earlier phase are instinctively afraid of intimate detail and avoid it. At any rate, whether we were typical or exceptional, we two avoided it. I have no doubt that Bowkett had his own secret incidental twilight Venus-berg—I will not speculate about that—but sex did not loom large in our ordinary conversation.

At one time we organized a secret society. Unhappily we could never find a secret to put in it. But we had a tremendous initiation ceremony. Among other things the candidate had to hold his fore-[80]finger in a gas jet for thirty seconds. Only two members ever qualified, Bert Wells and the Boker Boy. I still remember the smell of singed flesh and the hard painfulness of the scorched finger. We had a secret language of the “Iway aysay olday anmay owhay areway ouyay” type. We warned a persistent sniffer in the school, by a cabalistic communication, to sniff no more or “incur the Vengeance of the Order” and we chalked up “beware” in the lavatory, in the interests of public morality. How gladly we would have adopted the swastika if we had known of it.

So much for the Hitlerite stage of my development, when I was a sentimentalist, a moralist, a patriot, a racist, a great general in dreamland, a member of a secret society, an immortal figure in history, an impulsive fork thrower and a bawling self-righteous kicker of domestic shins. I will now go on to tell as well as I can how this pasty-faced little English Nazi escaped his manifest destiny of mean and hopeless employment, and got to that broader view of life and those opportunities that have at last made this autobiography possible.

§ 3

Mrs. Wells, Housekeeper at Up Park (1880-1893)

I have stroke of good fortune was the breaking of my leg when I was seven years old. Another almost as important was the breaking of my father’s leg in 1877, which made the dissolution of our home inevitable. He set himself to prune the grape-vine one Sunday morning in October, and, resolved to make a job of it and get at the highest shoots, he poised a ladder on a bench and came a cropper. We returned from church to find him lying in the yard groaning, and our neighbours, Mr. Cooper and Mr. Munday helped to carry him upstairs. He had a compound fracture of the thigh bone.

Before the year was out it was plain that my father was going to be heavily lame for the rest of his life. This was the end of any[81] serious cricket, any bowling to gentlemen, any school jobs as “pro,” or the like for him. All the supplementary income was cut off by this accident which also involved much expense in doctoring. The chronic insolvency of Atlas House became acute.

Things were more tight and distressful than ever, for two years. An increasing skimpiness distinguished our catering. Bread and cheese for supper and half a herring each with our bread and butter at breakfast and a growing tendency for potatoes to dominate the hash or stew at midday in place of meat, intimated retrenchment. Mr. Morley’s bill had gone unpaid for a year. Frank who was earning £26 a year (and live in) came home for a holiday and gave my mother half a sovereign to buy me a pair of boots (at which she wept). I was growing fast and growing very thin.

And then suddenly the heavens opened and a great light shone on Mrs. Sarah Wells. Lady Fetherstonhaugh had been dead some years and Miss Bullock, to whom my mother had been maid, either inherited or was given a life tenure of Up Park, with not very plentiful means to maintain it. She took the name of Fetherstonhaugh. Presently arose trouble with the servants and about the household expenses, and Miss Fetherstonhaugh’s thoughts turned affectionately towards her faithful maid, between whom and herself there had always been a correspondence of good wishes and little gifts. My mother went to Up Park on a visit. There were earnest conversations. It was still possible for her to find employment. But was it right to leave Joe alone in Atlas House? What would become of the boys? Frank’s apprenticeship as a draper was already over and he was in a situation. Freddy’s time as a draper’s apprentice was up also. He could go out too. My five years of schooling were culminating in special certificates in bookkeeping and hope. The young birds were leaving the nest. Father could rub along by himself for a bit. My mother became housekeeper at Up Park in 1880.

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TALLINN, ESTONIA

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A few weeks ago, Matt and I decided to spend the day in Tallinn, Estonia. Tallinn is an old medieval city dating back to 1154 and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site — it basically makes me salivate. It’s only 50 miles south of Helsinki and a 2.5-hour ferry ride (we took the Eckerö line), which made it a perfect day trip for us.

Our ferry left relatively early (around 8.30am) on a Saturday, so I expected a quiet ride there. I was wrong! Now first, let me preface this by saying that if there is one thing I have learned since moving to Helsinki, it’s that Finns love to drink. Americans love to drink, too – Matt and I hit a bar every weekend on date night for a cocktail or glass of wine (and love ordering mimosas at brunch) – but there’s still a bit of a cultural difference surrounding it here. We see things like people stumbling home late on the weekends and open alcoholic drinks in the parks (ourselves included), but it’s usually not a big deal because drinking isn’t as much of an issue here as the US. In Finland, teenagers can start buying alcohol at 18 (only the “light” drinks; no more than 22% alcohol by volume) and can buy hard liquor at age 20, whereas the legal drinking age is 21 back home. I feel like because it’s not taboo here, there are a lot more adult conversations about it and a sort of unspoken etiquette to behave; I don’t see nearly as many obnoxious and loud drunks here as I did while living in downtown Orlando and in San Francisco (especially in the the Marina district). Basically, I am in favor of relaxed alcohol laws.

Which brings me to the actual ferry ride.

It’s 7am and you board the ferry — what do you want to drink? My choice is always caffeine. If I want a productive day, I need to drink a cup or two. It’s a leftover habit from my long and hectic work weeks in San Francisco, and while I’ve cut down on my caffeine consumption, it’s a habit I haven’t been able to shake completely (nor do I want to). I know that some people prefer light alcoholic drinks in the morning, especially for special occasions or a trip. In the US, this usually means some form of mimosa, bloody mary, or maybe a screwdriver. It’s not often that we have cultural shock in Finland, but that morning was one of them: liters of beer, hard liquor (martinis, straight whiskey/bourbon), and bottles of wine were poured freely at the many bars on board the ferry. If I didn’t know the time, I would have thought it was late on a weekend. There were drinking songs being shouted, bets being placed, and playful arguments over who would pay the tab. It seems like a small thing, but it was fascinating to me. I’ve been on a few cruises (including the infamous Carnival line to Mexico over spring break in college), but I have never seen people party so hard and so early. As I clutched my extra-large coffee cup, I could only watch the camaraderie, completely engrossed in the scene unfolding around me. A quick glance at a menu confirmed my suspicion: drinking at sea is cheap. Like a lot of things in Finland, alcohol is taxed pretty heavily and therefore very expensive (our weekly cocktails usually run 9-12€, or roughly $12-17 each) and these were at least half what we see in Helsinki.

More on booze prices later.

We moved out to the main area and explored the ship a bit more and were pretty impressed with the on-board entertainment. Since the trip is so short, I didn’t expect much, but was wrong: There was a large cafe with great views, the aforementioned bars, a duty-free shop, karaoke and show stages, slot machines, a child play area, and much more. Passengers even have the option to book cabins. We opted not to but would consider it with children. I walked by a few open doors and they looked to be fairly spacious, a rarity as space in Europe is at a premium. After exploring, we headed down to breakfast. That was the worst part of the trip — it was just not good. There were both cold and hot stations, but the food was clearly low-quality. Someone even had the bright idea of chopping up days-old and rock-hard bread and sprinkling the barest amount of cinnamon on it and trying to pass it off as dessert. And edible. The hot station in particular was really bad: floppy bacon(?), sad karelian pastries, potatoes, eggs… all tasteless and covered in grease. If you take Eckerö, save your money and pack a snack to last until you reach shore.

The rest of the trip was fairly low-key. We stayed on the top decks where it was quieter and enjoyed the foggy waters.

Our ferry, the Finlandia.
Our ferry, the Finlandia.

This is the bigger stage reserved for performances.
This is the bigger stage reserved for performances.

Isn’t Matt photogenic?
Isn’t Matt photogenic? I believe that’s Helsinki in the background.

It was really windy and cold. I think I’m wearing three layers under my rain jacket.
I am also very photogenic. It was really windy and cold. I think I’m wearing three layers under my rain jacket.

Our first glimpse of Tallinn.
Our first glimpse of Tallinn.

We didn’t have a map so we decided to follow this until we reached Old Town, figuring that’s probably its location.
We didn’t have a map so we decided to follow this until we reached Old Town, figuring that’s probably a reliable landmark.

Our gamble paid off and we reached Old Town in 10 minutes.
Our gamble paid off and we reached Old Town in 10 minutes.

We took this entrance into the old city.
We took this entrance into the old city.

Isn’t this charming?
Isn’t this charming?

Old Town’s largest period of activity dates back to the 13th-16th centuries. It doesn’t look like much has changed since then.
Old Town’s largest period of activity dates back to the 13th-16th centuries. It doesn’t look like much has changed since then.

We didn’t make solid plans for this trip as we were only there for approximately 6 hours; we used this more of a “scouting” mission for future trips. It was a rainy day so we took the opportunity to duck into random cafes for hot beverages and light snacks whenever we saw an interesting place. Normally, I’d be dragging Matt into various museums and chatting his ear off, but this was a much more relaxed trip.

We saw this walking around….
We saw this walking around….

along with a lot of graffiti.
…along with a lot of graffiti.

This is Kiek in de Kök — Matt insisted that we see this. Apparently its title is an ongoing Reddit joke.
This is Kiek in de Kök — Matt insisted that we see this. Apparently its title is an ongoing Reddit joke.

It dates back to 1475 and is now a museum.
It dates back to 1475 and is now a museum.

Lunch included a beer flight.
Lunch included a beer flight. I know, a British pub while in Tallinn? I couldn’t find “local” food with a tempting menu!

Old Town’s city square where you can eat, drink, and shop to your heart’s content.
Old Town’s city square where you can eat, drink, and shop to your heart’s content.

I can’t remember all of the churches in Europe. Just most of them.
I can’t remember all of the churches in Europe. Just most of them.

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is in the background.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is in the background.

Seriously, how pretty this this?
Seriously, how pretty is this?

Matt takes a picture of me taking a picture. How meta.
Matt takes a picture of me taking a picture. How meta.

We spent most of our time in Old Town. We walked through the modern part of Tallinn after lunch for some shopping, but didn’t end up having much luck. We were hoping to visit the KGB museum, but didn’t think we’d have enough time to do that and run an errand most of our fellow passengers had also come to do: get booze. As I mentioned above, alcohol is heavily taxed and expensive in Finland. Matt and I used to buy our booze at Costco (those savings, yo) and are used to being able to shop around in general for better pricing. In Finland, grocery stores sell beer, cider, and some wine; hard liquor is only sold at Alko. That’s right, ONE store. This is apparently the norm for Nordic countries, and I think it’s ridiculous. Alko is government-owned and the selection is pretty much the same between all stores, including pricing. I saw Tallinn as a choose-your-own-boozeventure, and the Finns definitely take the opportunity to stock up on their alcohol at a much, much, cheaper rate. We brought Matt’s backpack to carry what we wanted and were definitely the odd ones out. People literally bring suitcases with them and load up as much as they can carry. The import laws are pretty lax, and it’s very hard to reach the maximum allowed before you have to start paying duty.

We wandered around four (four!) different stores to price shop before buying what we wanted, including my coveted Four Roses bourbon. There is a liquor store on Finlandia, but it was totally packed and neither one of us wanted to deal with the crowds. Clearly, we cannot hang with the local population and should never challenge anyone to a drinking contest.

This couple walked out of a liquor store near the port.
This couple walked out of a liquor store near the port.

Apparently, a lot of engaged couples will supply their wedding reception with alcohol from Tallinn.
A lot of engaged couples will supply their wedding reception with alcohol from Tallinn.

Overall, it was a fun day. I wouldn’t necessarily call it a must-see destination, but it makes for a great trip if you have an extra day in Helsinki (or you’re passing through on a cruise